Risk Measurement Technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hazard Measurement Technique - Essay Example Hazard Management is a different control that investigates all the potential perspectives and reasons which could include as a hazard in a specific foundation. The point of hazard the executives is to acquire any occurrence that may happen, and it centers around the guideline of counteraction as opposed to amendment. Dangers are of various kinds, there could be dangers towards the money related side of an association, or the information contained by the division, or the danger of loss of specialists and staff because of different reasons (Hopkin,2012). Hazard the board methods center around a few basic and fundamental inquiries which relate to the recognizable proof of wellspring of hazard. When the source is resolved, their effects are assessed, in the event of incredibly bustling lines just like the case in scarcely any ventures, prioritization is performed, and after that the plausible arrangements are conceived. Different procedures are being utilized in the field of hazard the executives, anyway the as a matter of first importance step towards dangers moderation is its recognizable proof; it is a regularly being said that answer for the difficult lies in distinguishing the difficult first.( Ziegler, pg 255, 2005) a similar instrument follows on account of hazard. A legitimate hazard the board approach ought to be received. Universally and expertly there are countless estimation procedures for hazard. After the progression of recognizable proof, examination is directed which essentially incorporates understanding the nature and level of seriousness of a specific hazard. Every conceivable effect and measurements of the hazard are examined and their potential effects are concentrated also. It is a base up approach that plays out the assessment remembering all the potential factors that could make any hazard. It investigates the procedures, items and people which could produce any hazard. Its quality is the recognizable proof of the regions which could be inclined to disappointment and hazard, and dependent on the information, it empowers taking

Christmas Around The World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Christmas Around The World - Essay Example Maybe what makes the idea of Christmas widespread to all individuals is its concept of sharing. Taking after the motion of the three Wise Men in the nativity scene, presents has gotten one of the mainstays of the Christmas season. Individuals, during this season, savor the experience of giving presents, from the least difficult, for example, Christmas card, to the most costly. Today, as indicated by Ace Collins, (2003) â€Å"shoppers spend more than $4 billion for every Christmas shopping day, or about $2.8 million every moment, during the Christmas season in the United States alone.† (101) Gifts are additionally credited to Santa Claus or Father Christmas and Saint Nicholas in different societies. His iconography advanced during that time and has become one that visits houses on Christmas Eve to convey presents to youngsters and families who have been acceptable. As referenced previously, there are one of a kind Christmas customs across nations, so it would take an extremely not insignificant rundown to annal every one of them, consequently, we would examine them in simplifications. For example, the Far East such Japan, Korea and the nations with various religions have an increasingly common festival offering accentuation to presents, the Christmas tree and getting ready Christmas supper. In any case, in nations like Ethiopia, Guatemala and Mexico, the profound angles prevail †12 PM mass, Christmas song, strict parade and other grave services. Nations, for example, the United States with its multicultural populace have fluctuating degrees of strict and mainstream festivities and exercises. Novel customs fundamentally mark explicit nation festivities. For instance, the Philippines praises the longest Christmas season, beginning as ahead of schedule as October. Two fundamental Christmas implications or purposes prevail far and wide - the strict and the mainstream. From one perspective there is an accentuation on the introduction of Jesus and its essentialness to the world while on the other there is an accentuation on the inexhaustible devouring, skipping and happiness.

SIPA Events Interdisciplinary Talks COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Events Interdisciplinary Talks COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA is a very busy place.   Each week there are 10-15 events that feature interesting speakers and panels on a variety of topics.   The following entry was contributed by Erisha Suwal, a second year student at SIPA.   Erisha is working in our office this year and she, along with several other students, will be contributing posts throughout the year. _____________________ While having lunch over lamb and rice with hot and white sauce, my Pakistani friends encouraged me to join them for a talk titled “  Pakistan 2010: The most dangerous decade begins.” The talk was organized by the Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration, and Religion (CDTR). It is a Center that was founded after SIPA won a competitive grant and its main objective is to examine religion’s role in politics and international relations. The title was very intriguing and only the day before I had had a discussion    on how Pakistan seems to be in a constant state of turmoil. More than any other country. Perhaps even more than Afghanistan.  I joined them. Christine Fair, Assistant Professor at the Center for Peace and Security Studies, Georgetown, was one of the panelists. She was speaking on ‘India and Pakistan in Afghanistan: Opportunities and Constraints.’  She argued that India had a strong interest in staying in Afghanistan especially to monitor Pakistan. She questioned why no one talks about India running intelligence operations in Afghanistan and why no one challenges India when it build schools very close to the Pakistani border. She claimed that the Pakistani Army personnel, particularly those in the lower ranks, want the U.S. out of Afghanistan because they believed that the American presence intensified Taliban presence in Afghanistan. Her talk led to a rich discussion on India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. At the talk, I found out that Terry Eagleton was coming to speak the same evening    on “The New Atheism and the War on Terror.” Eagleton is an influential literary theorist and Distinguished Professor of English Literature at the University of Lancaster, who has written more than forty books. He gave an entertaining and insightful talk. The poster said, seating was on first come first serve basis. Usually I do not follow these warnings, but I’m glad I did this time. The room filled up very quickly and I ran into some SIPA professors. I saw  Mahmood Mamdani, who teaches Political identities, State and Civil Wars in Africa and  Theory, History, and Practice of Human Rightsand Professor  S. Akbar Zaidi was also present. He teaches  Political Economy of Pakistan: State, Society, and Economy. Eagleton started off asking, “Why are atheists obsessed with religion as Puritans are obsessed with sex?”  He commented that Richard Dawkins and Christopher Hitchens, whom he dubbed Ditchkins, were engaged in anti-god diatribe with zero conception of faith and theology. He also argued that rise of Islamic fundamentalism was similar to “chickens coming home to roost.” Eagleton delivered provocative and controversial but witty statements and entertained his audience. CDTR co-organized Terry Eagleton’s lecture with  Heyman Center for the Humanities. I missed going to lectures outside of class. It is easy to immerse oneself in course-works and socializing, Wednesday’s two lectures reminded me of how being in Columbia exposes you to cutting edge discussions in whatever field it might be.

A Brief Note On The Price Of Healthcare Essay - 1206 Words

The price of healthcare in America is extremely high. Healthcare spending in America is so high because of drug spending. Studies have also shown that America spends more on healthcare than any country in the world but produces inferior results. Any drug that is sold in America, must be approved by the FDA. The concept behind drugs is to save or extend life of persons in need. Over the last decade, we have seen a large increase in drugs pricing. Prices hiked from 2.4% growth in 2013 to 12.2% growth. Some factors could be blamed for this increase of drug prices. This factors include the fact that USA does not regulate drug prices, length of drug patents, limited competition and small markets. America abolished the idea of drug regulation in the 1970’s. Drug price regulation was abolished to create a competitive market for drug makers. This abolishment gives an urge on drug makers. Drug makers are able to determine the worth of their drug and are allowed to set their price range. This is very disadvantageous to the public because they have to abide to any price set by the drug maker. Consumers pay different prices. All consumers are charged differently. Government entities such as Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of Veteran affairs (VA) obtains prescription drugs at a lower price while uninsured consumers are forced to pay at a higher price since they are paying cash. These uninsured consumers have no power to stand up against these drug companies or the government.Show MoreRelatedMicroeconomics Versus Macroeconomics Bus6101627 Words   |  7 PagesMicroeconomics versus Macroeconomics Economics for the Global Manager BUS610-1101C-02 Abstract I want to thank everyone for joining me today to review the effects of microeconomics and macroeconomics in conjunction with the healthcare industry. We will start with a brief introduction of what we will review, and then briefly hit on the subject matter in a bit more detail. â€Å"The world’s largest and most diverse economy currently faces the most severe economic challenges in a generation or more†Read MoreBenefits Of Telemedicine Programs For Financial Assistance For Telecommunication Infrastructure818 Words   |  4 Pagesa barrier to the potential long term cost saving and increase in quality of care. Funding and programs designed to help educate the population especially low income, elderly, and veterans who face additional challenges to receiving appropriate healthcare, about the benefits of telemedicine will likely increase the use of and demand for expanded help for telemedicine implementation. 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For the Be There San Diego initiative, it is likely that due to scarcity with resources, that the resulting necessity will be to choose and trade off one health need with the otherRead MoreAnalysis Of The Federal Deficit And Deficit Spending1181 Words   |  5 Pagesfederal debt was under president Andrew Jackson, and it only lasted a single year(Wall Street Journal). The federal government never managed to pay off the debt again, although some administrations, like Coolidge’s and Clinton’s, have managed to run brief surpluses(Wall Street Journal). Yet today there seems to be no limit on the debt and deficit spending, and a key question has been pressed into the forefront of politics and fiscal policy, â€Å"is having a federal deficit rea lly a bad thing?† It seemsRead MoreNhs Reform Essay examples1662 Words   |  7 Pageshealth and social care. This briefing outlines a summary of the key reforms. Please note, some terms which require further clarification are explained in a glossary at the end of this document. The white paper focuses on four key areas: 1. 2. 3. 4. Putting patients and the public first Improving healthcare outcomes Autonomy, accountability and democratic legitimacy Cutting bureaucracy and improving efficiency A brief note on social care In addition to these four key areas, the document confirms theRead MoreThe Health Of The Affordable Care Act1637 Words   |  7 Pageswhat is wasteful or non-beneficial to patient care. The Affordable Care Act is allowing individuals who could not afford healthcare to have access to clinicians and resources. This presents a new concern where more physicians, who already have large patient loads, must accommodate a new patient population. With more and more of these individuals seeking care, the healthcare industry will be forced to address how to deal with these extra patients and how to prevent waste of resources and time. Read MoreSwot Analysis Of Nestle1302 Words   |  6 Pagespackaged food and beverage manufacturer in the world, Nestlà © operates in 12 different segments of the consumer products market, including baby foods, bottled water, cereals, candy, coffee, prepared and prepackaged foods, dairy, drinks, food service, healthcare and nutritio n, ice cream and pet care. Its stable of brands includes some of the best-known names in the industry, such as Stouffer’s, Dreyer’s, Hà ¤agen-Daz, Purina, Aero, Butterfinger, Gerber, Maggi and Perrier. Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s fundamental purpose isRead MoreAlignment Of Hrm And Business Strategies1192 Words   |  5 PagesLincoln. Third group of Ford Company comprises on European cars. Altogether, it makes Ford Motors, the world’s second largest manufacturers of cars, trucks and SUV’s. Japanese heads manufacture cars of all prices ranges and cover large part of the market, whereas American cars are of same price, and European cars like Aston Martin, Jaguar and Volvo are for the elite class. Their objective is to become the largest manufacturer of cars of world (Dyer Reeves, 1995). The objective of Ford is to become

The American Of The Mexican American War Essay - 730 Words

1 Thomas Gordon The Mexican-American War 28 January 2015 US History University of Phoenix In 1846-1848 was the first time the U.S would fight a war on foreign soil, it was called the Mexican-American war. At this time Mexico was just starting to develop into a government and was extremely confused and leadership was split between decisions. While the U.S government was head over heels about pushing the country’s borders farther and farther across North America with only expansion in his mind. President James K. Polk faith was in one thing and one thing only to the Manifest Destiny. He believed that the country shouldn’t be limited to just the Atlantic coastline that it should be connected to the Pacific Ocean as well. It began alongside the Rio Grande. Mexico controlled Texas, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, and New Mexico in 1835. In 1836, Texas was the first Mexican territory that gained its independence from them. The United States originally believed that another state would cause major issues because one it wasn’t controlled by the governmen t and there was a lot of unknown politics. Texas was another major slave state and most of the major northern states didn’t believe slavery should be allowed. Another reason was because Mexico consistently threatened Texas after they gained independence that they would raid the borders and destroy whatever laid in front of them. The Mexicans are actually the cooperates to starting the war on AprilShow MoreRelatedThe American Of The Mexican American War1664 Words   |  7 PagesAileen Aguilar Professor Froese History 11 20 October 2016 The Mexican American War â€Å"No President who performs his duties faithfully and conscientiously can have any leisure.† –President James K Polk. The Manifest Destiny is believed to have the primary cause of western expansion in the United States during the 19th century.Read MoreThe American Of The Mexican American War Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mexican-American War was a result from the rising conflict between Mexico and the United States on who has the rights for Texas after Texas gained its independence from Mexico on March 2, 1836. Before Texas annexed with the United States on December 29, 1845, it was an independent state with 9 years of being free from Mexico . Although Mexico never acknowledged Texas to secede from them, the Texans and the United States did so the U.S. decided to add Texas as the 28th state. After Texas gainedRead MoreThe American Of The Mexican American War1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican-American War was a gruesome and bloody battle involving the two major powers between the Americans and the Mexicans. The first major power was the annexation of Texas and the second p ower is the protection along with the acquisition of the territory. States provinces such as California, Texas and New Mexico is inherited by Mexico from Spain. Mexico government was weakened and practically bankrupt after the war and was unable to take control of their territories. Before the war startedRead MoreMexican American War And The Mexican War1380 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mexican American war better known as the Mexican war, was a conflict between The united states of America and Mexico. from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 US annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory, despite the 1836 Texas revolution. After its independence in 1821 and brief experiment with monarchy, Mexico became a republic in 1824, characterized by considerable instability, so that when war broke out in 1846, Mexico was ill-prepared for this conflictRead MoreThe American Of The Mexican War943 Words   |  4 Pagesdeclare war on Mexico was provoked by the Mexican government itself. His diplomatic course of action proved to have been in vain in an attempt to gain compromise and peace between America and Mexico. Regardless of the attempts made by the American government to peacefully coerce Mexico to relinquish the land, America was denie d each and every time. Military presence was necessary in order to facilitate a greater respect from Mexico and to also offer additional protection for the Americans residingRead MoreMexican American War1560 Words   |  7 Pages1. How did American life during the period of the Age of the Common Man reflect both the influence of the frontier and the impact of newer rationalistic concepts? (Think inventions, religion, peace, prosperity, literature, art, education, etc) 2. Briefly define (no more than 1 paragraph each, some are a sentence or two): -The Mexican American War: The Mexican-American war was a fight for lad between the Untied States and Mexico where the United States defeated Mexico and gained over five hundredRead MoreThe Mexican and American War1953 Words   |  8 Pages The Mexican and American War â€Å"The United States had emerged as a modern capitalist nation, and the spirit of nationalism in the country was strong and growing† (Henderson 71). As tensions grew between the Unites States and Mexico, there was a thirst for war. 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This war not only shaped American politics for decades, but also fueled the sectional crisis that culminated into the infamous Civil War. Being the new country’s first

Comparing and Constrasting between northern and Italian Art Free Essays

In Beneath the Lines of Historical Art: Comparing and Contrasting the Work of Northern and Italian Art Intro of Denver Art Museum Honestly, this was probably one of the best experiences of my entire life. I’m not the best person with knowledge about art but I definitely love to appreciate art more after this visit. Not only was I amazed how the exterior of the architecture was so imaginary and different but I was completely surprised; this was not what I expected. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Constrasting between northern and Italian Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was so awesome that they can create something so wonderful and stable! When I arrived I wasn’t quite sure where I was to enter, but eventually I found the entrance. Exterior was not as amazing as what was inside of it! I do admit I was a little lost but I eventually found out where to go. I definitely like how they gave every painting, Its own space/territory. Instead of throwing every artwork into one wall, the paintings had their own room basically. And I would think everything was going to be old but everything was kept clean and sanitized. The architect for the Interior was Like new and I never felt so comfortable. I loved every thing about this visit and will return In he future more times than once. Love It, love It!! Comparing and Contrasting influential artist and sculptures; Michelangelo, Leonardo Dad Vinci, Lorenz Gibber, Detonated, Udder, and many more. During the same time many unknown artist arisen and influenced change on the perspective of art or what the meaning of what art can be. For Instance, even a speck of light and shade can change the overall outcome between velvet and wool, copper and aluminum. As well as, a small item in a painting can briefly explain an entire paintings storyline and can help understand the artist even more. The Renaissance contributed to a variety of similarities and differences. But nowhere is this more apparent than in the similarities and differences we will find between the art of Northern Renaissance and Italian Renaissance which will be explained further on. Nevertheless, art work shall always be thoroughly observed otherwise it will be misinterpreted. Breathe Abeam was a Northern German Renaissance engraver (1502-1540) and he and his brother Seabed Abeam were also successful printmakers. In 1525 the brothers and a fellow artist were tried for their radical religious and political beliefs ND they were expelled from Nurturers in 1529. Eventually Breathe Abeam continued his work with portraits as the court artist to Duke William IV of Bavaria. One of the art works currently held at the Denver Art Museum Portrait of a Woman demonstrates how colors are an importance on indicating the texture and appearance of an object. By the use of how much detail is put into every little aspect in the illustration (looking closely, every crease in her wardrobe shows the woman’s body structure/posture), and narrative because the indications of her gold rings on ere hands, the wardrobe can simply predict that this is an important, wealthy, German woman during the sass. In this portrait painting, is a German Matron (a member of the House of Chad von Antibacterial), she emphasis her wealth and status by her luxuries garments and signifies her power/status by displaying a substantial posture with her hands held together. Beam’s mastery of space reflects in his portraits; the colors of light and shade, enables him to represent so convincingly the rich fabrics worn by his noble subject and makes this woman look as if she was imaginary/perfect or â€Å"too good to be rue. But it’s not Just the garments that the woman wears that makes this a remarkable piece of art but its how proudly she stands and how she holds her hands together. Outstanding posture can signify importance and strength because the hands are clearly illustrated in the center so the audience will notice it first. â€Å"Portrait of a Woman,† By Breathe Abeam (1 500 – 25), A German Northern Renaissance Engraver viewpoints of the artist. In the following Portrait of a Woman, Abeam tells, the person that is looking at this portrait, that this woman is no average women. Looking ruefully, she is against a plain wooden board background which brings out the color of her large fur collar on her silk coat, this is a clear indication of what her status is in the society; her gown has sleeves trimmed with velvet bands and her white head covering is wrapped around by a fine linen veil it seems. As well with the nice clothing, there is a noticeable Jewelry on her hands. These are several gold rings which is important because it signifies that this portrait in not about personality and characteristics but this is about the small petite materials involved in the illustration. Breathe Abeam uses the color of light and shade to contribute to the texture in his materials and the narrative of his entire piece. Many artist display discrete kinds’ objects in paintings to Justify a storyline but all artists have brief similarities. So as you were to look at a Northern Renaissance artist you can see similarities to an artist in the Italian Renaissances art piece. Vitro Carapaces was a Southern Italian painter of the Venetian school, he studied under Gentile Beeline. Little is known of his early life, but influences came from his astonishing work of the Beeline Family and Antinovel dad Messing. Vitro was regularly known for his individualism in his artwork, stated Giorgio Vassar, an early biographer of Renaissance artists. He produced many large-scale narrative wall paintings of religious subjects for the city of Venice. But a piece that stood out from the rest of his work, was a portrait off lady holding a book. In the sass Vitro illustrated the Portrait of a Lady with a Book, currently, belongs to the Denver Art Museum. This artwork not only brought out Aviator’s individualism but showed that art can be useful, simple, and can tell a story to a few that understand it. The individual in this portrait may be a Tuscan poet Grammar Coors Ramose, who also had her portrait painted by Aviator’s teacher, Gentile Beeline. The lady in the illustration holds a book, possibly an indication that she was a writer. The woman’s hairstyle and dress are typical of Venetian style. Her hair is held by a transparent net on the back of her head, and loose strands hang on either side of a face that is not beautiful or young, but reveals an average Venetian woman. She wears a simple Ackley (made out of rope it seems); the upper part of her dress is decorated with gold and lace trim and pearls. Similar to Beam’s Portrait of a Woman it was not the background and colors that made the portrait interesting, but it was a small and not so noticeable item, the book in her hands. The novel signifies that the following lady could in fact possibly be a writer. This contributes to the opinion that the artist and the subject of the painting can be one and of the same because of their individualism. â€Å"Portrait of a Lady with a Book,† By Vitro Carapaces (1500), A Southern Italian Renaissance Painter Breathe uses light and shade to contribute to the color of his materials making his art individualism to an artwork that stays understandable for the world. Breathe and Vitro use a dull background in order to expose the important figure in the center (in this case the women), as well as, a way to notice the partially visible props. For instance, the Jewelry expresses immense characteristics of both women by using a simple item, the book and the German women’s Jewelry. Despite the comparisons between the two, there remains a variety of divergences. One central difference is how both artworks derive from nature. In Breather’s creation the color plays an increasingly large factor in whether this art derived from nature. In his piece, the woman’s whole attire is accurately detailed, meaning â€Å"too good to be true. † In Aviator’s visual the woman can be defined as â€Å"short and simple† considering the fact, visually, she signifies an average woman during the Renaissance. Another huge difference that may not seem visible to many but the way Venetian Woman and German women look at the audience. She looks away from the painting, as if she does not want to be seen. Or she is ashamed that she is a writer. But because of history, Women in the Italian renaissance were not quite comfortable of their amazing talents. And women in the Northern Renaissance had more comfort of showing their talents because Northern art was more acceptable to differences than of the Southern Italian Renaissance art. So looking back at the German women she seems more comfortable of a self-portrait than the Venetian Women below. This is a huge difference between Northern and Italian Renaissance Art. Attractiveness in Art is important because a small item can tell an entire narrative of an artwork. Breathe used light and shade in order to emphasize the texture of the German matron’s wardrobe in order to understand that this is a wealthy woman. But Vitro manipulated an average woman living in the Italian renaissance and depicted only her stance and how she looked at the audience. Introducing a huge narrative about how women’s talents were compared to women talents in the Northern Renaissance. Even though the two are derived from different areas of Europe they contribute almost identical strategies to display their narratives in order for us the audience to look in beneath the lines of Historical art. How to cite Comparing and Constrasting between northern and Italian Art, Papers

Investment Appraisal Financial Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Investment Appraisal Financial Strategy. Answer: Introduction: The current report aims to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed investment in the context of Motorway Troll Limited. Therefore, the various techniques of investment appraisal have been used to determine the viability of the proposed project. These techniques include net present value (NPV), payback period (PBP), internal rate of return (IRR) and accounting rate of return (ARR). In addition, the sensitivity of the project has been evaluation with a rise or fall of 10% in the expected demand. Finally, the report sheds light on evaluating the key benefits and drawbacks of the techniques related to investment appraisal. Business Report: To, The Board of Directors, Motorway Troll Limited Date: 17/2/2017 Subject: Feasibility of the proposed investment Relevant cash flows and cost of capital for investment appraisal in the context of Motorway Troll Limited: The cost of capital and relevant cash flows for the project has been computed based on the provided data (Refer to Appendix, Tables 1, 2 and 3). The corporate tax rate has been assumed as 30% for Motorway Troll Limited. It has been found that the cost of capital for the proposed investment has been obtained as 13%. This has been derived from multiplying the cost of equity and cost of debt with equal weights based on the gearing ratio. As commented by Baum and Crosby (2014), cost of capital is the rate of return, which could be made by investing the same amount into other project with equal risk. In order to arrive at the relevant cash flows, the initial cash flows have been derived by multiplying the estimated number of journeys per year with a price of 10 per journey. After arriving at the initial cash flows, the bid price for operating the toll road has been subtracted from the same each year to arrive at the relevant cash flows (Burns and Walker 2015). Payback period (PBP) and accounting rate of return (ARR) for proposed investment: Years Cash Inflows Fixed Cost Tax Rate @30% Net Cash Inflows Cumulative Cash Flows 0 - 1,100,000 - - - 1,100,000 - 1,100,000 1 1,500,000 1,200,000 90,000 210,000 - 890,000 2 1,850,000 1,200,000 195,000 455,000 - 435,000 3 3,500,000 1,200,000 690,000 1,610,000 1,175,000 Payback Period 2.27 years ARR 69% Table 4: Payback period and accounting rate of return for proposed investment (Source: As created by author) The above table clearly indicates that the payback period for the proposed investment has been obtained as 2.27 years and the accounting rate of return is 69%. In the words of Coleman et al. (2013), the payback period refers to the time length needed to recover the investment cost. Hence, it is a significant determinant for Motorway Troll Limited in deciding whether to progress ahead with the project. The lower the payback period, the greater is the ability of the organisation to recover the amount of investment within shorter timeframe. According to the case study, it has been observed that the organisation has hurdle payback period of two years with average return on investment of 25%. In this case, the payback period has been slightly higher; however, the value of ARR is significantly higher in contrast to the business expectations. In addition, if the payback period is less than the economic life of the project, it is profitable for an organisation to undertake (Daunfeldt and Hartwig 2014). Thus, from these two techniques of investment appraisal it is feasible for Motorway Troll Limited to undertake the project. Net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) for the investment: Years Cash Inflows Fixed Cost Tax Rate @30% Net Cash Inflows Cumulative Cash Flows 0 - 1,100,000 - - - 1,100,000 - 1,100,000 1 1,500,000 1,200,000 90,000 210,000 - 890,000 2 1,850,000 1,200,000 195,000 455,000 - 435,000 3 3,500,000 1,200,000 690,000 1,610,000 1,175,000 Net Present Value 621,716.99 IRR 33% Table 5: Net present value and internal rate of return for proposed investment (Source: As created by author) According to the above table, it has been found that the NPV and IRR of the proposed investment have been obtained as 621,716.99 and 33% respectively. The NPV method denotes the amount of profit that could be realised from a specific investment by considering the cost of capital (Dyson and Berry 2014). The IRR method, on the other hand, depicts the amount of return, which could be expected after the project completion. If the value of IRR is higher than the cost of capital, it denotes the feasibility of the project (Eliasson and Brjesson 2014). In this case, the NPV realised is positive and the IRR value is greater compared to the cost of capital. Therefore, it is viable for Motorway Troll Limited to undertake the project. Sensitivity of proposed investment to the potential variations in cash flows: Increase of 10% in expected demand or number of journeys: Years 1 2 3 Number of Journeys 150,000 185,000 350,000 Increase in journeys 165,000 203,500 385,000 Price per journey 10 10 10 Cash Inflows 1,650,000 2,035,000 3,850,000 Table 6: Initial cash inflows from 10% increase in number of journeys (Source: As created by author) Years Cash Inflows Fixed Cost Tax Rate @30% Net Cash Inflows Cumulative Cash Flows 0 - 1,100,000 - - - 1,100,000 - 1,100,000 1 1,650,000 1,200,000 135,000 315,000 - 785,000 2 2,035,000 1,200,000 250,500 584,500 - 200,500 3 3,850,000 1,200,000 795,000 1,855,000 1,654,500 Net Present Value 997,917.59 Payback Period 2.34 IRR 45% ARR 83% Table 7: NPV, IRR, ARR and PBP for the proposed investment with 10% increase in number of journeys (Source: As created by author) Based on the above tables, it has been found that NPV of the project is highly positive, while IRR and ARR are higher than cost of capital and average investment return respectively. The payback period is above the expected hurdle payback period of the organisation, which is 2.34 years and the return on investment is 83%, which is much higher than the expected return of 25%. Hence, it is feasible for Motorway Troll Limited to continue with the project under this scenario. Decrease of 10% in expected demand or number of journeys: Years 1 2 3 Number of Journeys 150,000 185,000 350,000 Decrease in number of journeys 135,000 166,500 315,000 Price per journey 10 10 10 Cash Inflows 1,350,000 1,665,000 3,150,000 Table 8: Initial cash inflows from 10% decrease in number of journeys (Source: As created by author) Years Cash Inflows Fixed Cost Tax Rate @30% Net Cash Inflows Cumulative Cash Flows 0 - 1,100,000 - - - 1,100,000 - 1,100,000 1 1,350,000 1,200,000 45,000 105,000 - 995,000 2 1,665,000 1,200,000 139,500 325,500 - 669,500 3 3,150,000 1,200,000 585,000 1,365,000 695,500 Net Present Value 245,516 Payback Period 2.49 IRR 20% ARR 54% Table 9: NPV, IRR, ARR and PBP for the proposed investment with 10% decrease in number of journeys (Source: As created by author) According to the above table, it has been found that it has been found that the value of NPV is positive along with desired IRR and ARR values. The payback period of the project is, however, higher than the expected payback. However, since the payback period is less than the economic project life, Motorway Troll Limited could accept the project. Advantages and disadvantages of NPV, ARR and PBP techniques: Advantages of NPV: It provides significant stress on the time value of money (Enever, Isaac and Daley 2014). In order to compute NPV, both before and after tax cash flows over the entire project life have been taken into account. With the help of this method, the gain amount could be realised by deducting the initial investment, which helps in increasing the value of the firm (Gtze, Northcott and Schuster 2015). Disadvantages of NPV: This method fails to provide right decisions, in case, there is difference associated with the amount of mutually exclusive projects (Mackie, Worsley and Eliasson 2014). Under this method, the effective rate of discount could not be computed. Advantages of ARR: Since ARR is dependent on accounting information, there is no need for special reports to ascertain ARR. Since this method is developed on accounting profit, it helps in gauging the profitability of investment (Gtze, Northcott and Schuster 2015). Disadvantages of ARR: This method fails to take into account the time value of money. ARR does not consider the project terminal value and cash flows from investment (Venables, Laird and Overman 2014). Advantages of PBP: This method places greater concentration on liquidity to make decisions regarding investment alternatives. This method deals with risk and thus, projects with shorter PBP are less risky compared to those of longer PBP. Disadvantages of PBP: Like the ARR method, time value of money is not considered Due to its greater emphasis on liquidity, it ignores the profitability of a project (Ã… ½iÃ… ¾lavsk 2014). Conclusion: From the above discussion, it has been found that the proposed investment would help in increasing the profitability of Motorway Troll Limited; however, the payback period obtained under the normal scenario is below the expectations. Thus, two different scenarios with an increase of 10% and decrease of 10% have been considered. It has been found that increase in expected demand of 10% would help in matching all the expectations of the organisation in the long-run with maximum returns on investment. References: Baum, A.E. and Crosby, N., 2014.Property investment appraisal. John Wiley Sons. Burns, R. and Walker, J., 2015. Capital budgeting surveys: the future is now. Coleman, C., Crosby, N., McAllister, P. and Wyatt, P., 2013. Development appraisal in practice: some evidence from the planning system.Journal of Property Research,30(2), pp.144-165. Daunfeldt, S.O. and Hartwig, F., 2014. What determines the use of capital budgeting methods? 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