Mobile Phones Essay

Scheme 1: A payment of 15 per month for the line rental, plus 50p per minute for each call made Scheme 2: A payment of 24 per month for the line rental, plus 20p per minute for each call made Scheme 3: A payment of   31 per month for the line rental, plus 10p per minute for each call made. I am going to investigate which scheme is best for people using mobile phones. I will also vary the line rental, vary the cost of each call, make comparisons, and make generalisations. I will show graphs, tables and a conclusion to my investigation. Scheme 1: A payment of   15 per month for the line rental, plus 50p per minute for each call made. My conclusion to my investigation is that all 3 schemes are cheap in there own way. Scheme 1 is good for people who like to make the odd call for a very short period of time in a month. Scheme 2 is good for people who maybe are more likely to use there mobiles more often but not for long in a month. Scheme 3 is good for people who want to and need to use it frequently and make long periods of calls per month. So there is no real best scheme for people to use, it depends on who the person is and how often and long they will use the mobile phone in a month. The 3 schemes could be used for a family who has 4 members. Scheme 1 would be ideal for there kids who would just need it for the quick call to get picked up from school, scheme 2 would maybe suite the mother because she would want it to keep in contact with her kids and her husband, and scheme 3 mite benefit the husband who could use it for keeping in contact with his family and also to use it for clients at work.

The Math in Figure Skating

Alexis Dillon l. Introduction This paper will be discussing the involvement of math in figure skating. There are three parts of skating that will be discussed in the essay; Jumps and moves in the field. Jumps require a lot of power, strength and knee bend in order for the Jump to be successful. I will be looking at the appropriate angle of knee bend a skater needs to successfully land a Jump. Moves in the field are series of test that include certain turns and moves that are tested in front of Judges.Moves in the field require grace, knee bend, speed and strength. This essay will discuss the correct angle of the knee bend required to correctly complete specific turns, including counters, rockers and brackets and to successfully remain on the correct edge. I have been skating for nine years. I have done many types of skating, like freestyle, moves in the field and synchronized skating. I'm currently a competitive synchronize skater and working on my novice moves. Both these parts of f igure skating require speed, grace, edge quality and strength.Many things can affect how well a skater can preform and the quality of the skating. Knee bend is one of the many crucial parts of quality skating. II. What Is Skating? Figure skating is defined as a â€Å"competitive on ice sport in prescribed fgures and/or choreographed free skating. † Figure skating includes many different types and levels. Ill. Basic Skills To start, many skaters complete basic skills classes, which, in short, teach the basic components of skating, needed to be successful. Children under the age of six usually begin a beginner class called â€Å"snowplow'.This level consists of very basic skills including things like learning how to stand up and fall down. After the skater has completed these levels, or is above the age of six, moves on to the levels â€Å"Basic Skill† There are eight levels in this section, where each level increases in difficulty. The basic skills provide the fundamen tals of skating. These levels will also provide more challenging skills including, edges, turns, and crossovers that are necessary for successful skating. Once the skater has successful passed these levels, the skater may move on to â€Å"freestyle†.There are six levels in this section. These levels teach the skater basic Jumps and spins. ‘V. Freestyle Freestyle skating consists of Jumps, spins and footwork sequences choreographed in a program using the skater's style. Some Jumps include axel, the loop Jump, lutz and salchow. These Jumps can be preformed as singles (, doubles, triples, and even quadruples. The axel is one of the hardest Jumps to master, whether it's a single, double, or a quad The axel requires knee bend, power and speed Competitions are based on levels. There are eight levels in freestyle.Each level gets harder and the harder Jumps require programs with required moves, Jumps and spins. These test are preformed in front of Judges. These test are importa nt for a fgure skater because in determines what level the skater competes at. These tests ake practice and skill. V. Moves in the field Like the freestyle tests, there are eight tests the gradually increase in difficulty. The tests are as follows; pre-preliminary, preliminary, pre-Juvenile, Juvenile, intermediate, novice, Junior and senior. Each test consist of certain step sequences, turns, and moves that require knee bend, grace, and speed.Example of a very simple pattern on the preliminary exam: This pattern consist of a very simple inside three-turn in which you start on an inside edge and turn onto your outside edge. Example of a two very challenging patterns on the Junior exam: Figure 2 Figure 3 This pattern requires a lot good edge quality, grace and knee bend. This turns, also known as a rocker, requires you to stay on the same edge before and after a turn. To determine the correct amount of knee bend, twenty forward inside rockers were done and photographed.Each turn was a nalyzed to determine whether or not the turn was on the correct edge or not. The photos were separated into two groups, turn with a perfect edge and turn with imperfect edge. The angle of the knee was measured for each photo and then averaged. The average angle for a turn with perfect edge quality was 1090 (refer to fgure 3 for what the edge is supposed to look ike). The average angle for a turn with imperfect edge quality was about 1230. Below are the pictures of a person doing the turn and what the turn looked like on the ice. RFI Rocker. How does math relate to this turn?Although, the differences between the two angles may have seemed small, it made a huge difference. IVe been working on these types turns for about a year, and from experience, I know there are some many things that need to be perfect in order for the turn to be on the correct edge and successtul. One ot the most important and influential part of the turn is the amount of knee bend the skater has. So, how does the angle of the knee make the turn have good or bad edge quality? When you bend your knee, you are doing what's called, â€Å"pressing your edge†. This means you are on the correct edge because of your knee bend.So, how much knee bend is enough? Is there a certain angle needed to perfect the turns? The answer is yes. This experiment has shown that a very large angle and a very low angle will disrupt the turn. VI'. What is an axel? Axel is one of the most difficult Jumps. The axel takes off from the forward outside edge and is landed on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. A single axel is 1. 5 revolutions. Axel is one of the many Jumps that skaters practice and attempt to master. Like most other Jumps, the axel can be increased in difficulty by adding more rotations to the Jump. VIII.What things affect the success of an axel? Many experienced skaters would say the most important things to master when learning how to land an axel successfully is power, speed, and height. How can you master all of these things? Through knee bend. Knee bend provides many things for a successful axel. When you bend you're knee while you skate, you â€Å"pressing on your edge† letting your skates skate with the ice rather than on top of the ice and merely liding.. No matter how fast your feet move, you will not gain speed if are â€Å"stepping† rather then bending your knees and actually skating.Knee bend also provides grace when preforming an axel. The more you â€Å"get down in your knees† or bend your knees, the more graceful and elegant you appear. This will help those who compete. Finally, right before the Jump takes off, knee bend provides height and the power of the Jump itself. But, how much knee bend is enough knee bend? Skaters, like me and those who think analytically, would love to know how much knee bend will lead to a successful Jump. ‘X. Figuring out how much knee bend is enough knee bend Like what was done for the rockers, a si milar experiment was done for the axel.To determine the correct amount of knee bend before the Jump, twenty axels were done and recorded and photographed. Each Jump was analyzed to determine whether or not the turn was a successful Jump or not. The photos were separated into two groups, turn with a perfect edge and turn with imperfect edge. The angle of the knee was measured for each photo and then averaged. The average angle for a Jump with good height and a quality Jump was 1070. The average angle for a turn with imperfect dge quality was about 1280. These results are very similar to the rockers.The Jumps that were considered unsuccessful landed with a fall or it was over or under rotated. This is most likely because the skater either had too much or too little power. X'. How does math relate to this Jump? Even though the differences between the two angles may have seemed small, it made a huge difference. From experience I know that an axel can up to about a year to perfect. Like the rocker, I know there are some many things that need to be perfect in order for the turn to be successful. One of the most important and influential part f the turn is the amount of knee bend the skater has.

Dr. Pepper Snapple Group Case Study Essay

Andrew Barker, a brand manager for Snapple beverages at the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., must assess whether or not a profitable market opportunity exists for a new energy beverage brand to be produced, marketed, and distributed by the company in 2008. He has about 3 months to determine the market opportunity. SWOT. Strengths| Weaknesses| * Strong portfolio of leading consumer-preferred brands * Integrated business model * Strong customer relationships * Attractive positioning within a large, growing, and profitable market * Broad geographic manufacturing and distribution coverage * Strong operating margins and significant, stable cash flows * Experienced executive management team| * Currently the only major domestic nonalcoholic beverage company in the US without a significant branded energy drink of its own * Company bottlers and distributors do not serve all areas of the US (by early 2008, 80% of the US market) * Market is already established| Opportunities| Threats|. * Integrated business model provides opportunities for net sales and profit growth through the alignment of the economic interests of its brand ownership and its bottling and distribution businesses * Carbonated beverages were the 4th largest nonalcoholic beverage category in the US in 2006 and the fasted growing beverage category * Average US per capita consumption of energy beverage drinkers increased by 14% since 2004| . * Industry analysts project an average annual growth rate of 10.5% from 2007 to 2011 (down 32% from 2001-2006) which is attributed to market maturity, increased price and packaging competition, and the entrance of hybrid energy beverages, such as energy water, energy fruit drinks, ready-to-drink energy teas, and energy colas * Energy beverage consumers limit their choice to only 1.4 different brands, which suggests brand loyalty in this market. * 5 Major brands (Red Bull, Hansen, Pepsi-Cola, Rockstar and Coca-Cola) dominate the US energy beverage market, accounting for 94% of dollar sales and unit volume. * The energy beverage market has experience product proliferation and price erosion in recent years * Energy beverage prices declined 30% from 2001-2006| Critical Issues * Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. is the only major domestic nonalcoholic beverage company in the US without a significant branded energy drink of its own. * 5 Major brands (Red Bull, Hansen, Pepsi-Cola, Rockstar and Coca-Cola) dominate the US energy beverage market, accounting for 94% of dollar sales and unit volume. Alternatives. * Do Nothing * The Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. bottling and distribution system should introduce an energy beverage, marketed towards adults, ages 34-54. The Energy beverage should include two flavors, with a regular and sugar free version of each, all available in a standard 16 ounce size, as this segment accounts for the most growth opportunity (150%). Advertising and expenditures for the new energy drink brand need to avenues through social media, TV, print, event, etc., as the market is very competitive and consumers are extremely brand loyal. Advertising should include free handouts of the beverage, or ‘trials’, to generate buzz and get consumers to try the product. The new product should be able to stand out when next to other energy drinks, maybe package it in a unique bottle, such as glass. They should supply all off-premise retailers, focusing on the convenience stores first, as they account for the most retail dollar sales, and then moving into the supermarkets and mass merchandisers. The new beverage should be priced a little higher than average, at $2.50 per single-serve package.

Identification of unknown Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Identification of unknown - Lab Report Example We were provided with number coded 24- hour broth culture containing a mixture of any two bacteria (gram +ve or gram –ve), 1 EMB plate, 1 blood agar plate, several inoculating loops and TSA slants. Other materials (mediums and reagents) required were requested from the laboratory technician depending on the type of tests that were to be carried out to facilitate in identifying the unknown bacteria. There were several tests to be carried out to identify the unknown bacteria. On receiving the less than 24 hours broth culture which contained two types of bacteria (G +ve and G- ve), I prepared a stock culture for culture purification. Labelled the bottom of blood agar plate (nonselective medium) with my identification codes, then chose one of the unknown culture, opened the petri dish carefully without placing the top of dish down on the bench. I used the inoculating loop to gently swipe across an area of the bacteria to transfer from the dish to the loop and gently made three successive streaks of the bacteria onto the agar surface of the labelled plate. Incubated the plate at 35o C for almost a week, I kept checking it regularly until single colonies had grown. Then I made a subculture of a single colony on TSA slant, incubated it at 35o C after good growth, I removed from the incubator and stored at room temperature. After acquiring the individual colonies, I performed a gram stain test using EMB (eosin Methylene blue) and lactose agar plate. Collected bacterial colony from and streaked on the EMB plate and waited for some days to observe the result. The unknown bacteria was Gram negative. With G –ve result I had to carry more tests: Oxidase test, Lactose fermentation test, Indole test, Bile Esculin test, Motility test, Methyl Red -Voges Proskauer test, and Lysine decarboxylase test. Oxidase test: Obtained a liquid culture stock of my gram

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay - 2

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - Essay Example He adopts a persuasive narration against slavery by explaining some of the ordeals he witnessed and expects that the reader should commit to freeing slaves since it is just, unconstitutional and unscriptural. It is axiomatic to squabble that slavery did not only negatively affect the slaves but also the slave owners. The slaves were denied some of the fundamental basic human rights. Slave owners treated slaves inhumanely to convince themselves that they were not equal to other human beings. The masters however did not realize that they were themselves becoming beasts by treating slaves in that manner. Most of the Masters became piously religiously so that they could not see themselves as depraved, brutal wretch. They were forced to pervert the Bible to justify slavery. He championed for the rights of the slaves and held that they were human and deserved to be treated equally. Douglas states that â€Å"I assert most unhesitatingly, that the religion of the South is a mere covering fo r the most horrid crimes—a justifier of the most appalling barbarity†¦a shelter under†¦which the darkest, foulest, grossest, and most infernal deeds of slaveholders find the strongest protection† (86) He argued that they were compared to horses in the farms. He presents that Sophia Auld treated him as a property and the initial efforts to educate him was thwarted by the husband. I his argument he held that slaves were like any other human being and should enjoy freedom enjoyed by the slave owners. (Douglass, 67)

What is Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Justice - Essay Example Justice revolves around qualities that promote fair treatment in the society in accordance to the laws of the land and moral beliefs. Justice forms the moral principle that determines equitable conduct in the society where conformity to this aspect presents an opportunity to administer deserved punishment or reward. While this remains the ideal notion of what justice should be, its remains an elusive mirage as most people flout the code of conduct. This is especially so among individuals who are well off in the society and spills over to organizations and corporations. As mentioned before, justice takes two main forms that are distinct, but bear similarity in their purpose and goals. Substantive justice is justice that is bound by law and is based on a couple of principles that govern how the entire process of discerning and enacting justice is conducted. Substantive justice follows laws that define, regulate and create the obligations of certain parties, which should be carried or n o carried out towards others meaning that this form of justice falls under the cause of action, but not proactive. On the other hand, procedural justice is concerned with morality and legitimacy, where it separates the two to show how people respond to authority and how certain bodies found in society have authority over the people. In relation to this case of authority and enforcement of rules and regulations, procedural justice creates room for the creation of frameworks that see to it that justice is delivered through structures that are set apart (Murphy 161). As much as society seek its full implementation in all aspects of life, the efforts seem futile since most charged with the noble task of dispensing justice are involved in hindering the same. With this in mind, it is my view that justice is not possible for all under prevailing institutions of leadership and laws. This follows a trend that is traceable to ancient civilizations who established social classes based on their financial capacities, which was discriminatory to those considered in the lower classes. The trend has been passed on to generations leading to historical trauma in the society, which serves to create a sense of hopelessness. Another factor that plays in a critical role in hindering justice for all lied with the perception in the society, which dictates that inequalities present in the world are a normal way of doing things. For this reasons, those seeking to enact change as faced with great opposition and result in conforming to the norms of inequality. For justice to prevail for all, it is prudent that society devises mechanisms to overcome challenges that impede the implantation of justice. Among the challenges is racism, which remains a sore subject in modern society even as elements of this form of discrimination are evident. Discrimination based on the color of the skin dates back to the 18th Century where Africans were regarded as lesser beings and subjected to slavery (Ulen ). In essence, the black community has grown under dilapidated conditions and taught successive generation about historical atrocities and injustices. Global warming is connected with many factors in life that revolve around nature and the activities of man around his environment. Of great concern, however, is how all the factors in global warming are related since carbon dioxide, air pollution and cutting trees influence mountains and forests in a manner that influences quality of life based on the emotional appeal caused by life’s aesthetics (Richardson). A wide majority of corporations especially manufacturing companies are largely involved in the destruction of the environment where

Analyse and model engineering situations and solve problems using Math Problem - 1

Analyse and model engineering situations and solve problems using Ordinary differential equations - Math Problem Example This empirical observation coincides to the Newton’s Law of Cooling which states that â€Å"the rate of change of the temperature of an object is proportional to the difference between its own temperature and the ambient temperature.† For instance, when a hot metal ball is placed in a bath of tap water at temperature of T0, it gradually cools. In this process which takes time to complete, naturally the metal ball gives off heat to the surrounding water so that the bath gets warm due to the heat released to it. However, as time proceeds, since the bath of water is open to the larger environment at T0, the system consisting of it and the material it contains would in time establish equilibrium with its environment. In which case, the Newton’s Law of Cooling applies such that, for the heated object being cooled within a room, the temperature of the hot body changes so that it approaches the room’s temperature which is T0. b. Formulate mathematical model for t he cooling process. According to Newton’s Law of Cooling with which the problem statement proves to be consistent, a first-order differential equation may be set up as follows: = -kT where ‘k’ refers to the constant of proportionality. The negative sign accounts for the difference in temperature since the object being cooled would have a lower final temperature compared to its initial temperature. Then on solving the equation: = -k Where Tf = final temperature difference T(t) - T0 Ti = initial temperature difference T1 - T0 Here, T0 = ambient room temperature T1 = initial temperature of heated object T(t) = temperature of the object (under cooling) at anytime ‘t’ So that upon evaluation of the integral, ln Tf - ln Ti = -kt By exponent property, ln = -kt ---? = ---? = Then, substituting expressions for Tf and Ti: ----? T(t) - T0 = (T1 - T0) 2. At time t = 0 water begins to leak from a tank of constant cross-sectional area A. The rate of outflow is pro portional to h, the depth of water in the tank at time t. Write the constant of proportion kA where k is constant. a. Analyse the tank leaking process. Since water leaks out of the tank from an initial height say h0 which corresponds to water volume of V(h0) in the tank, the finite change in this volume per unit change in time, beginning at t = 0 would be (?V/t). The tank is not being filled in so this merely represents the rate of water outflow which is proportional to the water depth in the tank. Essentially, the water depth may be expressed as the finite change in height h(t) - h0 as the water leaks out of the tank where h0 refers to the initial height in the tank and h(t) is the height of the water measured at any time ‘t’. b. Formulate mathematical model for the leaking process. The leaking process may be mathematically modelled as follows: = - k A ?h in which A pertains to the constant area of cross-section through water depth The factors kA serve as the constant of proportionality and the negative sign is used to signify the value of h(t) that is lower than h0. For depth ?h = h(t) - h0, it follows that ?V = V[h(t)] - V(h0). Thus, = -k A [ h(t) - h0 ] which on arranging yields to: Write conclusions based on your formulated mathematical model for leaking process. Task 2 – Learning Outcome 4.2 Solve first order differential equations using analytical and numerical methods. 3. Find the solution of the following equations: a. Separating variables, = t dt Integrating both sides, let u

Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 (1986) Case Study

Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 (1986) - Case Study Example In this case, the peremptory challenge that was laid before the court in order to remove all Black representatives in the jury and this was done so without a valid cause. Although the defense tried to object to the jury set up prior to the jury being sworn in, the judge in the case over-ruled their motion stating that the peremptory challenge could be used against anybody that the court felt it should be used against (Batson v. Kentucky). After the decision of the court came out, the defense went to the supreme court to raise their objection once again to the fact that Mr. Batson was tried by a jury composed solely of Whites and therefore, was not truly represented by a jury of his peers as the law promised all of the accused in a jury trial. Supreme Court Justice Powell held the decision that the 14th Amendment was violated in this instance and that in no case can the prosecution ever use a peremptory challenge without stating a valid reason for doing so. The state must always support its claim to have a juror removed with a valid cause. However, a dissenting opinion was voiced by Supreme Court Justice Berger, who believed that although the burden of proof lay within the responsibility of the state, the Equal Protection clause was not violated in this case. Justice Marshall further bolstered the claim of Justice Berger by indicating that the peremptory challenge cannot be used to distort the jury process by exclusion on racial grounds (Batson v. Kentucky). Having now come to an understanding that a peremptory challenge cannot be instigated simply on a whim by either the prosecution or defense, it is important to understand that such a challenge is not the same as a â€Å"challenge for cause†. To make things clearer, let us first differentiate the meaning of the two legal terms. â€Å"... the right of the plaintiff and the defendant in a jury trial to have a juror dismissed before trial without

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) Research Paper

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) - Research Paper Example FARC has waged war against the Colombian government for roughly four decades. At the start of the insurgency, the group had merely more or less 350 soldiers. Majority of these soldiers were the disgruntled and peasants, and they did not have the necessary advanced weaponry (Corrales & Romero 98-99). From this humble beginning, the group’s military capability has risen to roughly 18,000 combatants (Martin 214). Besides its assaults on Colombian economic, political, and military institutions, FARC has been deeply engaged in murder, extortion, kidnapping for ransom, drug trafficking, and other crimes (Hough 386). In fact, the organization becomes more popular for its deep involvement in illegal narcotics businesses than for its rebellious operations. However, its leaders remain devoted to its social revolutionary objectives and use terrorist methods to terrorize or pressure its political enemies. Even though FARC has been successful in taking over massive portions of Colombian territory, the group has been unsuccessful until now to overpower the Colombian armed forces in open combat (Lee 29). This paper discusses current efforts to combat FARC and speculates as to why they are still successfully active. The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, headed by Carlo Castano, is a conservative paramilitary organization created in 1984 to fight guerilla soldiers or insurgent groups in Colombia, like FARC. Its exercise of terrorism to abolish the support base of these guerilla militias has made it a dominant and feared army in Colombia (Martin 214). The country’s government since the 1960s has been combatting a number of radical terrorist organizations; the two biggest are the National Liberation Army (ELN) and the FARC (Hough 381). The operations and activities of FARC, alongside the narcotics industry, have given Colombia a quite infamous and perilous reputation. The Colombian army  The Colombian army raided a campsite owned by the FARC on the 26th of March 2012, taking the lives of 36 members of the organization and arresting three more.  

International Event Destination, Manchester and the perceived benefits Essay

International Event Destination, Manchester and the perceived benefits to the city and the DMO (Marketing Manchester) - Essay Example Manchester is an exceptional event destination in the UK, which has held events such as International and European Associations Congress/ Conventions, Manchester World of Sport, and the Festival month in October. This has enhanced tourism market in Manchester and the city’s cutback as a destination. Manchester uses events as instruments to create an outstanding destination proposition, while building on their comparative advantages (Northwest Development Agency 2009). The Manchester event marketers initiate meaningful conversation, at the right time, with many potential visitors to their destination through Marketing Manchester. Marketing Manchester leads the City’s Creative Tourist, which is a pathfinder initiative where the City’s museums and galleries have collaborated to develop the offer, and to communicate with culturally active tourism markets across the UK and overseas (Tassiopoulos 2006). Additionally, Marketing Manchester actively partakes in supporting Chetham’s School of Music in the development of part of the site as a tourist attraction alongside Manchester Cathedral. It also collaborates with the National Football Museum in upgrading the marketing strategy in the lead-in to the opening, and with MOSI, which is significant in the industrial heritage story (Visit Manchester). Marketing Manchester focuses on the tourist financial strategic control, promotion, digital content media, commercial tourism, and the growth of its financial activities. It worked with the MVIC to redevelop its tourism website completely. The website was developed so that it becomes content generated and able to reflect the people’s opinions regarding Manchester (VisitBritain 2006). As a practical Destination Marketing Organization, the Marketing Manchester works with Manchester Airport, in the promotion of the City’s services internationally. Through the collaboration with the target airline, certain

Formal report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Formal report - Assignment Example This paper will give an overview of what social networking is about, what it is used for and will endeavor to give examples of companies and their social networking strategies. A social networking plan and recommendations will also be given specifically for Stone Shine, a stone cleaner product that the company, Deb Richey Co. launched online. A social network service is defined as â€Å"the grouping of individuals into specific groups, like small rural communities or a neighborhood subdivision† (Social, 2011). While the networking can be done physically such as in a workplace, or at school, social networking is most popular online. This is because the internet has transcended physical barriers and has made it possible for millions of people from all over the world to come together for a shared interest. Connecting is no longer impeded by the inability to physically come together. Social networking websites function like an online community of internet users (Social, 2011). Members communicate by email, forum posts, blogs, comments and instant messages. These are all features that can be made available by the varied social network sites. By becoming a member, these sites give every individual the chance to create his/her own profile. Having a personal profile lets members put personal information and define their personal interests, this is what sets social networking platforms apart from offline ones. There is ease of access to member information that makes it accessible to other members, making it easier for people to interact. The networking part also does not have to happen in real-time. This takes away the pressure of having to interact within a time frame, as with personal meetings, or whether to even react at all. Because there is this absence of pressure to connect plus the ease of access, social networking is a very enjoyable activity for lots of peo ple. Coupled with the fact that man is a social

Working as a fashion stylist Essay Example for Free

Working as a fashion stylist Essay I. Introduction The world of fashion is a very exciting, glamorous and challenging world. There is no doubt that everybody, the rich and famous as well as ordinary people with discriminating tastes, patronizes the fashion trends for nothing is much more satisfying than to indulge oneself in presenting beautifully to the public. In fact according to Sandra Burke, author of the book Fashion Artist: The Design Series â€Å"Fashion has become a global phenomenon†. It is because fashion caters to ones craving for change and excitement in presenting oneself. Burke added that fashion reflect a person’s sexuality, morality and individuality (10). Fashion is advertised in television, newspapers and magazines. From there one can see models dressed glamorously or fashionably with all the matching accessories, make-up and hair do. But these models did not attain their glamorous or fashionable look by themselves. Models are dressed and adorned beautifully by a stylist. For it is the stylist’s job to make people look and feel beautiful. II. Discussion A. What is a stylist? When the word â€Å"stylists† is mentioned, common people automatically thinks that this is a person who cuts hair or do make-up and works in a beauty saloon. Little did common people know that to work as a stylist is to engage in a job that provides opportunity for working with the rich and glamorous of the world. If a stylist is lucky, he/she gets to work with the celebrities, high-profile politicians, businessmen and royal families (Sullivan and Simon 1). Far from being an ordinary beautician in a saloon, a professional stylist is an† expert who uses art and science to make people and objects look good in order to make a statement†(â€Å"Breaking Into†2007). In other words, a stylist is more than just someone who is trying to make a simple ordinary woman looks like a glamorous babe in a haphazard manner. To transform someone to a fashionable person or somebody of discriminating tastes, a stylist employs an extraordinary talent to create a distinct style for a particular individual. Stylists are not just ordinary people who are knowledgeable in fashion although it may be one of the requirements. What is important is that a stylist should have an eye for style and is not ignorant of the latest trends in the fashion industry. A degree in fashion may be an advantage for any stylist, but there are some who learned about the trade by experience. For those who want to learn about styling there are many schools that offered varied courses about the subject (Marie-Claire 2007). For a stylist to be successful he must possess certain qualities. First, he must love to shop to get acquainted with various fashion styles. Shopping is very essential for it enables the stylist to get to look for materials available in the market which will give him additional inputs on styling techniques. Aside from that a stylist must have an eye for detail, meaning that he just do not look at things like any ordinary people do but should scrutinized details of how are things are made or is made up of. He should notice how colors and shades are combined and where and how accessories are placed. If he is a fashion stylist he must be able to know what certain styles fit certain body types, and how they should be put on and what color, shades or color combination is suitable for certain skin tones. In other words, he just do not pick things up or conceived styles without much thought and consideration otherwise his client would look like a clown or would be a laughingstock to the public. Another characteristic of a stylist is his ability to present traditional things in unusual and trendy ways. Other words, he must love to experiment things and see which combination, style, materials would bring out the best in the physical appearance of his client (Fibre2fashion 1). A stylist should always remember, however, that having all this traits would not guarantee that he would become successful. Like in any other profession, stylist should exhibit exceptional interpersonal skill. He must be able to communicate clearly, politely and tactfully with a number of people for in his chosen field of work he will have to interact with various individuals whose work is connected with the fashion industry (Marie-Claire 2007). In other words, a stylist must be able to maintain and initiate good personal relationships B. What are the works of a stylist? The work of a stylist varies and with such specific tasks they are also known in certain job titles as hair stylist, makeup stylist, celebrity stylist, costume stylist, fashion stylist( Fibre2fashion 1-2). As stated earlier, a stylist creates a distinct style for a particular individual. His clients include celebrities, royal families, businessmen, models and other ordinary individuals who desired to present a distinct image of themselves (Fibre2fashion 1). To achieve a certain look a stylist, especially a fashion stylists, should be able to rightfully combined wardrobe, accessories and hair for his client’s style (makeup is included specifically for women). In choosing a dress to wear it is very critical that a fashion stylist should be able to know certain body types. According to Kendall Far author of The Pocket Stylist: Behind-the-Scenes Expertise from a Fashion Pro on Creating Your Own Look a stylist must know about silhouette (the outlined shape or contour of a person’s body and what will flatter it best), proportion (individual pieces of an outfit in relation to one another), fabric as well as other information needed in fashion wear( 1-4). More often than not, stylist are called trendsetters for they are the ones who first dictate to the public what’s in, what’ new and what’s right for the occasion. For example, he may require a certain to celebrity to wear a fancy accessory in an important event that would surely catch the eye of the onlookers and then eventually the onlookers will wear the same type of accessories themselves. Or they can give certain styles a hip look to traditional garment that sets the trend in the fashion industry (Fibre2fashion 1).

Strengths And Limitations Of CBT For Social Phobia Psychology Essay

Strengths And Limitations Of CBT For Social Phobia Psychology Essay Social phobia, also known as Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is considered as one of the most common psychological disorders on its own, and also as a comorbid disorder (Kessler, McGonagle, Zhao, et al., 1994). Current research literature suggest Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) as the first treatment choice for social phobia, unless in the case where the client opt for medication or if the client is suffering from comorbid depression or another psychological disorder that makes medication essential (Veale, 2003; Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006; NICE guideline, 2004c). The aim of this paper will be to discuss the application of CBT in the treatment of Social Phobia. However, it is important to emphasise that it will not attempt a detailed discussion on the historical development, or theoretical frameworks of CBT. These aspects of therapy will be emphasised, discussed and analysed where necessary, to comprehend its practicality in the treatment of social phobia. Furthermore, the scope of this paper will be limited to examining the use of CBT for treatment of adults with social phobia but, it will not focus on treatment of social phobia in children and adolescent groups. CBT was initially developed by Aaron T. Beck as a structured, short-term, present-oriented psychotherapy for depression, directed toward solving current problems and modifying dysfunctional thinking and behaviours (Beck, 1995). The basic assumptions of cognitive model suggest that distorted or dysfunctional thinking that influence the patient/clients mood and behaviour is common to all psychological disturbances (Beck, 1995). CBT is a collection of therapies that are designed to help clients suffering from phobias, depression, obsessions compulsions, stress disorders, drug addictions and/or personality disorders. CBT attempts to help people identify the situations that may produce their physiological or emotional symptoms and alter the manner in which they cope with these situations (Smith, Nolen-Hoeksema, Fredrickson, Loftus. 2003). The effectiveness of CBT has been widely tested since the first study on treatment success in 1977 (Beck, 1995). Westbrook, Kennerley and Kirk (2007) stated that CBT has many features common to other therapies. However, they acknowledged that CBT is different from the other psychotherapies with some distinguishing characteristics. This therapeutic approach is a combination of Behaviour Therapy (BT) and Cognitive Therapy (CT). However, these will not discuss in detail. However, as a result of having been evolved from a combination of both BT and CT, modern CBT consist important elements of them both. Westbrook, et al. (2007) presents the CBT model of viewing problem development. For instance, individuals develop cognitions (thoughts beliefs) through life experiences (mostly based on childhood experiences, but sometimes with later experiences). These can be functional (ones that allow making sense of the world around and deal with life issues), as well as dysfunctional beliefs. Most of the time, functional beliefs permit individuals to reasonably cope well with life situations. Whereas dysfunctional beliefs may not cause problems unless/until encountered with an event or a series of events (also known as critical incident) that violates the core beliefs or the assumptions, to the extent of being unable to handle ones positive/functional beliefs. This situation may activate the negative/dysfunctional thoughts over the positive thoughts resulting or provoking unpleasant emotional status such as anxiety or depression. Thus, Westbrook et al. (2007) highlighted the interactions between negative thoughts, emotions, somatic reactions, and behaviours as responses to different life events. These dysfunctional patterns lock the individual into vicious cycles or feedback loops resulting in the perpetuation of the problem. Focussing on the effectiveness of CBT as a therapy, the UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guideline recommends CBT for several major mental health problems including depression (NICE, 2004a), generalised anxiety and panic (NICE, 2004c), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (NICE, 2005). Furthermore, Westbrook et al. (2007) highlighted the findings of Roth and Fonagy (2005) in their book What works for whom? a landmark summary of psychotherapy efficacy. This book presents evidence on the success of CBT as a therapy for most psychological disorders. However, though there is evidence supporting the successfulness of CBT for numerous psychological disorders, CBT has some limitations as well. Firstly, it is not suitable for everyone. One should be committed and persistent in finding a solution to the problem and improving oneself with the guidance of the therapist (Grazebrook Garland, 2005). Secondly, it may not be helpful in certain conditions. Grazebrook Garland (2005) mentioned that there is increasing evidence of the successful therapeutic use of CBT in a wide variety of psychological conditions. However they pointed that there is a great need for further research to gather evidence on the therapeutic success of CBT in these different types of psychological disorders. Social Phobia Social Phobia is categorised as an Anxiety Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR) of the American Psychiatric Association (2000). This disorder is characterised by persistent excessive anxiety and fear of scrutiny by others, often accompanied by anxiety symptoms such as tremulousness, blushing, palpitations, and sweating (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). The DSM-IV-TR (2000) presents the following diagnostic criteria for social phobia (SAD). Marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to perceived scrutiny by others. This includes the fear of embarrassment or humiliation Exposure to feared social or performance situations that almost invariably provoke anxiety. This may even take the form of a panic attack. In the case of children, the anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or shrinking from social situations with unfamiliar people. The person recognises that the fear is unreasonable and that it is excessive. However, this fear and knowledge may be absent in children. The feared social situation or the performance is avoided or else it is endured with intense anxiety or distress. The avoidance, anxious anticipation, or fear causes significant distress or impaired functioning. Fear or avoidance are not due to another psychological, or physiological condition (e.g., a personality disorder such as paranoid personality disorder, a specific phobia, or due to the influence of substance use/abuse) Specify generalised, if the fears include most social situations (e.g., these may range from initiating or maintaining conversations, participating in small groups, dating, speaking to authority figures, or attending parties hindering most parts of a personal social life) According to the criteria stated above, social phobia can be generalised or non-generalised, depending on the breadth of social and performance situations that are feared. While generalised social phobia hinders a vast range of social and performance situations, non-generalised social phobia may hider/restrict only performance of some social activities or engagements. According to health statistics from year 2002, social phobia affects 3% of the Canadian adult population (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). In USA 13.3% of the population suffer from social phobia at some point in their life (Kessler et al., 1994). Statistics indicate a life time prevalence of about 8% to 12% making social phobia one of the most common anxiety disorders (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006; Kessler, et al., 1994). Apart from being a high prevalence disorder, social phobia is also known to have a high comorbidity, specially substance abuse and/or alcohol dependency (Schadà ©, A., Marquenie, L., Van Balkom, et al., 2008; Amies, Gelder, Shaw, 1983; Schneier, Johnson, Hornig, Liebowitz, Weissman, 1992). Kessler et al. (1994) stated that while the lifetime prevalence of social phobia is as high as 13.3%, the prevalence reported in a 30-day period is between 3% 4.5%. In addition, other similar conditions, such as shyness, behavioural inhibition, self-consciousness, selective attention and embarrassment are seen to be correlated with social phobia (Beidel Morris, 1995; Beidel Randall, 1994; Leary Kowalski, 1995; Rosenbaum, Biederman, Pollock, Hirshfeld, 1994; Stemberger, Turner, Beidel, Calhoun, 1995). According to Schneier, Johnson, Hornig, et al. (1992), comorbidity of two or more psychological disorders, is also fairly common with social phobia. Research has also indicated that social phobia is also characterised with a higher frequency of suicide attempts (Schneier et al., 1992). Focusing on the impact of the disorder on the quality of life, social phobia is described as an illness of missed opportunities, because its early onset hinders future social progression such as marital success and career growth (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). The authors of this article stated that these individuals were less likely to be well educated, belong to lower socioeconomic status, and are possibly unmarried. In addition, they also suffer greater functional, health, and physical impairments than individuals without social phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). Thus the disorder has a significant impact on the quality of life, in particular, socially and emotionally. Emphasising on this point, the authors of this article highlighted that in a community health survey in Canada, people with social phobia were twice as likely to report at least one disability day in the past two weeks, compared to people without social phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). Aetiology of social phobia can be traced to Bio-Psycho-Social factors (Smith, Hoeksema, Fredrickson, et al., 2003). Looking at the neuro-biologic factors, research data up to date, provides evidence of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems (Stein, Tancer, Uhde, 19992; Tancer, Stein, Uhde, 1993; Yeragani, Blalon, Pohl, 1990). However, Stein, Tancer, Uhde (1995) stated that the evidence for these neuro-biological factors in the predisposition, precipitation, and perpetuation is far from clear. The authors also present the same regarding the effect of antidepressants on social phobia stating that further work is warranted, although preliminary evidence indicates that antidepressants are not entirely effective on social phobia. From a cognitive-behavioural perspective, a person with social phobia develops a series of negative assumptions about themselves and their social world based on some negative experience (Kessler, et al., 1994). These assumptions of behaving inappropriately and being evaluated negatively and/or being humiliated will give rise to anticipatory anxiety that precedes the social situation adding an extra source of concern and perceived danger. Preoccupied with these fears, clients with social phobia have difficulty focussing their attention on the social cues or their own strengths that help them to effectively cope in the phobic situations. In addition, biased memory and focused attention towards negative signs will prevent the individual from perceiving the positive signs (e.g., acceptance, success, admiration) giving rise to performance deficiencies. These may contribute towards producing patterns of negative interactions that may further contribute to the perpetuation of the phobic con dition experienced at the time (Elting Hope, 1995). These explanations are similar to the generic CBT model, of problem development. Thus the research by Kessler et al (1994) has provided supporting evidence to the general CBT explanation and theoretical framework of problem understanding, assessment and treatment. Another dimension of the aetiology of social phobia is the lack of social skills and/or the lack of awareness of ones own social skills. According to Hill (1989), clients with social phobia vary widely in their knowledge of socially appropriate behaviour skills. Many of these individuals seem to have adequate social skills when assessed in a non-threatening environment such as the clinicians office, but they fail to use these skills when laden with anxiety in an unfamiliar social situation that is perceived as threatening. Hill (1989) further described that there is another group of individuals suffering with social phobia who may be unaware of socially appropriate behaviours in certain situations and therefore encounter repeated failures and disappointments. Thus, Hill (1989) suggest that apart from medication and/or conventional CBT, individuals in this group will benefit more from specific training in social skills either through role playing or modelling as appropriate. In addition to the above dimensions, there are developmental and psychodynamic issues associated with the aetiology of social phobia as well. In this view, children who are rejected, belittled, and censured by their parents, teachers or peers may develop feelings of low self-esteem and social alienation (Arrindell, kwee, Methorst, 1989). The authors of this article further stated that clients with social phobia tend to report, having had hypercritical parents. The article further examine the condition of social phobia from a psychodynamic perspective hypothesising that avoidant behaviour may be caused by an exaggerated desire for acceptance, an intolerance of criticism, or a willingness to constrict ones life to maintain a sense of control. Furthermore, they claim that traumatic embarrassing events may lead to loss of self-confidence, increased anxiety, and subsequent poor performance, resulting in a vicious circle that progress to social phobia. Concentrating on treatment seeking behaviours for social phobia, Hill (1989) highlighted that clients rarely see a physician for symptoms relating to social anxiety. More often seeking help will be for conditions such as substance abuse, depression or any other anxiety disorder (e.g. panic attack). Treatment for Social Phobia As mentioned above, social phobia is the result of biopsychosocial factors. Thus, the treatment choices may also vary which may include pharmacotherapy, and/or different types of psychotherapy. Veale (2003) stated that treatment choice for social phobia is up to the client to decide. Medication is indicated if it is the clients first choice, or if CBT has failed or if there is a long waiting list for CBT. Similarly, pharmacotherapy becomes the choice of treatment when social phobia is comorbid with depression (Veale, 2003). Considering the first treatment choice, UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) does not have a specific guideline specific for social phobia. However, in its guidelines for anxiety disorders (NICE, 2004), it recommends pharmacotherapy as treatment if the client opts for medication, or if the client opts for psychological treatment, CBT is given as the first choice of therapy. NICE guidelines (2004) too recommend CBT as the first choice of psychologic al therapy for generalised anxiety disorder and other anxiety disorders. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence provides evidence that CBT is more effective than no intervention and that CBT has been found to maintain its effectiveness when examined after long term follow up of eight to fourteen years. This can be used as a cost and time effective therapeutic intervention in group settings and most clients have maintained treatment gains at longer terms (NICE 2004). It further stated that CBT is more effective than psychodynamic therapy and non-specific treatments. Apart from CBT, clients who receive anxiety management training, relaxation and breathing therapy have been proven to be effective compared to having no intervention. Apart from CBT, Veale (2003) also discusses Graded self-exposure as a psychological therapy for social phobia. This therapeutic intervention which is based on the learning theory hypotheses has been the treatment of choice for social phobia for many years. However, as this method of therapy using exposure to previously avoided situations in a graded manner until habituation occurs was only successful with limited amount of clients, alternative approaches such as CBT have become a more frequent therapy choice. NICE guidelines (2006) on computerised cognitive behaviour therapy (CCBT) for depression and anxiety recommend CCBT for mild depressions and anxiety disorders, including social phobia. With reference to two Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) and two non-RCTs comparing CCBT (programme for panic/phobic disorders FearFighter) with therapist led CBT (TCBT) the NICE guidelines recommend the use of CCBT for mild phobic/panic disorders. When results of CCBT and TCBT were compared after a three month period of therapy for global phobia, both groups showed statistically significant improvement. Similar results were shown in two non-RCT studies too. When these scores were compared with a group who received relaxation techniques as therapy, this third group did not show statistically significant improvement while the other two groups (CCBT TCBT) did. However, it must be noted that the RCT and the non-RCT studies does not report clinically significant improvement. Nevertherless, the dropout r ate of FearFighter group was twice as many as the TCBT dropout rate. However, from a positive point of view on the practicality of CCBT on phobias, delivery of FearFighter programme at the clinical setting for one group, and the other group having access to the programme at home over a 12 week period showed that both groups showed statistically significant improvement in all measures (NICE guidelines, 2006). In terms of client satisfaction too there was no statistically significant difference between TCBT and CCBT (NICE guidelines, 2006). Thus, though further research is warranted to evaluate the clinical significance of CCBT for social phobia specifically, the NICE guidelines recommend CCBT as a choice of therapy for mild levels of depression and anxiety disorders. In addition to the observed effectiveness of CCBT, NICE guidelines also recommend it as a cost effective therapy alternative. Thus, CCBT for social phobia at mild levels could be useful at a practical level too. In a study by Rosser, Erskine Crino (2004), the researchers studied the treatment success of CBT with antidepressants and CBT on its own as treatment for social phobia. The results did not show a statistically significant difference in the treatment progress between the two groups allowing the researchers to conclude that pre-existing use of antidepressants did not enhance or detract from the positive treatment outcome of a structured, group-based CBT programme for social phobia. Application of medication and CBT is common practice in treatment for social phobia (Rosser et al., 2004). Yet, there are not many studies that have studied the combined effectiveness for social phobia. Citing Heimberg (2002) Rosser et al., (2004) describe that there are three possible outcomes from combining medication and CBT. Combined treatment may produce a better outcome than each treatment alone, by potentiating the gains achieved by CBT and also reducing relapse rates following the discontinuation of medication. Alternatively, there may be no difference between the combined approach and each approach individually, if both therapies (pharmacotherapy and CBT) are sufficiently powerful on their own. Also, depending on how individual clients attribute treatment success, effectiveness of CBT might be detracted by medication in a combined approach of treatment. Referring to literature on treatment success for social phobia Rosser et al., (2004) highlighted that combination treatment (CBT and pharmacotherapy) or pharmacotherapy alone has not been found to be of significant advantage. CBT has mostly been successful in overcoming symptoms, minimising relapses and also effective in terms of cost minimisation (Rosser et al., 2004). Focussing on the conclusions Rosser et al. (2004), there were no significant differences between the combination treatment (CBT antidepressants) and CBT alone could be interpreted in different ways. It is possible that since antidepressants and CBT are both re asonably powerful treatments individually, and thus a combination of the two did not contribute to a significantly to improve the outcome. Alternatively it may be that the group who were already taking antidepressants may have been prescribed with the medication because they were more severe in terms of social phobic or depressive symptoms prior to commencing treatment programme. Thus, it may be possible to argue that the combined therapy may not have contributed to a significant improvement compared to the group that that only received CBT, because there was a difference in symptom severity between the two groups. In addition there was no control in allocating (randomly) participants and or having a control over the medication dosage. Thus, the research findings of the study are subjected to the limitations of these variables that were out of the researchers control. However, it has to be noted that it does not devalue the comparative treatment success on the CBT (alone) group. The researchers of this study therefore emphasise the need for further research on combined therapy for social phobia as in real life clinical settings most clients are on medication while receiving CBT. Moreover, Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) recommends CBT combined with medication as a widely used successful treatment method for social phobia. However, while recommending the above, they also emphasise the need for further research in this regard as the current data reveals mixed results. According to available evidence and theoretical considerations they suggested that some methods of combination could provide short-term benefits, but long-term decreases in efficacy compared to either treatment alone. In this paper Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) emphasised that most research on the effects of CBT combined with medication had the common research gap of failing to control the medication dose and the allocation of participants in to random samples. However, the authors of this paper emphasised that in most studies combined therapy for social phobia had not shown significant evidence of treatment success compared to either pharmacotherapy or CBT. Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) highlighted that there is supporting evidence to the treatment success of combining CBT with relaxation training. While mentioning this, they also noted that relaxation training alone has not proven to have any clinically significant benefit for the clients. Thus, it is when combined with CBT that clients have had a successful experience with relaxation training. Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) stated that all forms of CBT aim to reduce the experience of fear through modification of avoidance and other maladaptive behaviours, thoughts, and beliefs (e.g. through exposure with cognitive restructuring). Thus, in the process of therapy most clients may experience an increase in stress and negative affect and distress in the short-term, but the modification of these earlier components of these earlier components of a behavioural-emotional chain leads to reduction of symptoms over time. In regard to combining treatment methods with CBT as treatment for social phobia, Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) highlighted the fact that all treatment methods have its own limitations and strengths. Thus when combining two therapies (either pharmacological and CBT or CBT with another psychotherapy), the strengths as well as the weaknesses of the two approaches could be magnified, depending on the nature of the combination. Hence, Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) stated that an empirically supported method of combining medication and CBT for social anxiety disorder is yet to be established, although under varied circumstances clinicians use different combinations of CBT along with other psychotherapies and medication to maximise effectiveness on a case by case level. Concluding Remarks As discussed in this paper, social phobia may literally be a common mental disorder and it is categorised as an anxiety disorder under the DSM-IV classification system (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). While being highly prevalent, it is also a disorder that may have a large impact on a persons quality of life, hindering opportunities for personal growth and/or social interaction/relationships. Therefore, it is an important area of study and clinical practice in mental health, which has the aim of improving the lives of people suffering from this disorder, and minimising its effect on the society. Research literature on social phobia recommends certain types of medication, and CBT as a psychotherapeutic intervention as the first choice of treatment for this debilitating condition. As it is out of our scope, this paper did not pay detailed attention to the types of pharmacotheraputic interventions that may successfully be used to control symptoms of this disorder and enable clients live a healthy life. From a psychological perspective, CBT is widely recommended through evidence based research as the first choice of psychotherapeutic treatment for social phobia. As discussed in this paper, evidence on the successful combinations of therapeutic methods at present denotes the need for further research in order to determine the best combinations for successful treatment. Another area that needs similar attention is combining different types of psychotherapies with CBT as treatment for social phobia. Focusing on CBT for social phobia, although there is supporting evidence for therapy success, and though it is widely considered as the first choice of psychotherapy for this disorder, it is not always successful with all individuals. Thus, form a practical point of view, it is important that clinicians are able to tailor and combine different therapeutic methods (pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy), not only to maximise treatment success, but also to make it useful with different types of clients/clients from different background and life-experiences. Furthermore, although CBT is recommended as the first therapy choice, there are practical issues regarding meeting the demand for services. This becomes an issue in terms of finance as well as in terms of the limited amount of professionals available to deliver treatment. Some successful methods of overcoming these difficulties would be Group CBT for social phobia and CCBT. However, it must be emphasised that these issues become a much grave problem in countries where psychotherapists trained in CBT are rare, and even methods such as CCBT could be unaffordable and inaccessible for certain groups. In addition, there are also limitations in being able to use programmes such as CCBT in countries where English is not used, or it not the first language. Thus, from a global perspective, the use of CBT as a therapy choice is practically challenged due to limitations of resources and trained personals, leavening pharmacotherapy as the most practical mode of therapy for a large numbers of people suffering from social phobia. To conclude, it must be stated that continued research on the successful use of CBT as a therapeutic tool for social phobia and other disorders should be continued as it proves to be a successful therapy for many psychological disorders (Westbrook et al., 2007). Thus, it can be stated that CBT is a useful and successful therapeutic intervention for social phobia. The practical use of it could be further improved through continued research, and through therapist training programmes to meet the demands for therapy, as it would further increase the effectiveness of CBT as a therapy for social phobia.

Boys Girls Clubs Of America

Boys Girls Clubs Of America Socialization is generally thought of as being an essential part of human development in that its importance is often times disregarded. However, understanding socialization can be a complicated and enduring process. Sociologists use the term socialization to refer to the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture (Macionis, 2011, 68). Humans need social experience to acquire the skills needed to learn their culture and for survival. Social experience is also the basis of personality, a persons fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling. We build a personality by internalizing taking in our surroundings (Macionis, 2011, 68). When an individual is lacking social experience, personality seldom develops. People usually rely on others for assistance when their children are growing physically and emotionally but most importantly as their personality is developing. Many theorists have focused on childhood as being the most c ritical time when personality is formed; however, Erik H. Eriksons eight stages of development have set apart that focus and places emphasis on socialization throughout the life course as being the most influential (Macionis, 2011). Erikson centralized that challenges are faced throughout the life course fluctuating from infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, preadolescence, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood to old age even though not everyone faces these challenges in the exact order (Macionis, 2011). In summary, Eriksons stages of development model calls attention to how several factors, including the family, school and peer groups, shape our personalities. Since socialization is a learning process that begins after birth and is learned throughout an individuals life span, a common question is how can people be socialized? Looking around the world, we see that different cultures used different techniques to socialize their children both formal and informally through school and peer groups. As we age, we enter new statuses and need to learn the appropriate roles for them. Across America, there are many national organizations that have been organized to provide programs for young people that help with maintaining socialization skills that have been embedded amongst our youth. The Boys Girls Clubs of America is a national organization of local chapters which provide after-school programs for young people (http://www.bgca.org). The first Boys Club was founded in Hartford, Connecticut in 1860 after a group of women noticed how young boys from needy families would hang out on the streets after school because they didnt have anywhere else to go. The club was created to provide them with a safe place to play. By 1906, there were fifty-three independent Boys Clubs that came together in Boston for form a national organization known as the Federated Boys Clubs. After many years, the organization renamed itself Boys Clubs of America and in 1990 renamed itself to Boys Girls Clubs of America. There are currently over 4,000 autonomous local Clubs, which are affiliates of the national organization and serve over four million boys and girls. Clubs can be found in all fifty states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and on US Military Bases. In 2010, member percentages included: 65% are from minority families, 5% are 5 years old and under, 43% are 6-10 years old, 19% are 11-12 years old, 21% are 13-15 years old, 12% are 16-18 years old, 55% are male and 45% are female (http://www.bgca.org). The Boys Girls Clubs are a safe place to learn and grow. It is the place where great futures are started each and every day (http://www.bgca.org). The goals set forth by the Boys Girls Clubs of America basically includes their mission statement which reads to enable all young people, especially those who need us most, to reach their full potential as productive, caring, responsible citizens (http://www.bgca.org). The organization gives young people a safe and supervised environment, an especially important task as more and more families have needed to work multiple jobs and cannot be home for their children. They also encourage kids to get involved in activities, learn team skills, and associate with people they might not meet at school or in their neighborhood. Many clubs offer an after school program as well as an extended summer program, giving kids a real opportunity to make friends and be involved in the programs and services offered at the clubs (http://www.wisegeek.com). The ir core beliefs are for The Boys Girls Club to aspire to provide all young people with a safe place to learn and grow, and establish ongoing relationships with caring, adult professionals by providing them with life enhancing programs and character development experiences (http://www.bgca.org). There are many strategies that have been implemented by The Boys Girls Clubs of America each help youth in distinctive ways. The Education Career Programs which help youth create aspirations for the future, providing opportunities for career exploration and educational enhancement. The Character Leadership Programs which help youth become responsible, caring citizens and acquire skills for participating in the democratic process. The Health Life Skills Programs in which those initiatives develop young peoples capacity to engage in positive behaviors that nurture their own well-being, set personal goals and live successfully as self-sufficient adults. The Arts Programs which are programs in this core area that enable youth to develop their creativity and cultural awareness through knowledge and appreciation of the visual arts, crafts, performing arts and creative writing. The Sports, Fitness and Recreation Programs which help develop fitness, a positive use of leisure time, reduct ion of stress, appreciation for the environment and social and interpersonal skills. The Specialized Programs in which these initiatives focus on meeting the significant and specific needs identified within the Boys Girls Clubs. This broad scope complements several or all of their core program areas within the organization. According to Kidzworld, the Boys Girls Clubs are community based and building centered. Since 3:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. is the time of day when children are usually unsupervised, The Boys Girls Clubs run their programs after school, and on weeknights and weekends (http://www.kidzworld.com). The Clubs provide a safe and affordable place for these programs to run; all the while, clubs do charge a monthly or seasonal fee and some assistance may be available to families in need (Ellis, 2003-2012). The Clubs are led by trained, paid youth-development professionals. Signing your child or young friend up for the club can make a positive impact in every area of their life. The Boys Girls Clubs of America provide young people with a safe learning environment and opportunities to build new skills that raise each childs belief that he or she can succeed and receive recognition for personal accomplishments. They also assist in building ongoing relationships with caring adults and connections to new friends in a positive environment, reinforcing a sense of belonging, personal accountability, civility and civic responsibility. Finally, they offer generation-changing programs that support a commitment to learning, positive values, healthy habits and high expectations for success as an adult. Many people credit The Boys Girls Clubs with changing their childrens direction in life or teaching them vital skills. The Chronicle of Philanthropy ranked Boys Girls Clubs of America number one among youth organizations for the 13th consecutive year, and number 12 among all nonprofit organizations (http://www.bgca.org).

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

A wise person once said something to this effect: "Quotes are just another way of masking one's true feelings." I'd tell you the person who wrote it, but I can barely even remember it word for word. It's funny I crossed paths with this quote just days before I was informed I would be speaking at commencement. Someone or something, maybe a higher power, meant for this quote and I to meet. The irony of the whole situation is that the author's quote was turned into a quote, which is most likely the opposite of their intentions. My reasoning for bringing up this situation is simple. When first given the task of writing this speech, I was at a loss for ideas. Mr. Troll told me to begin with a quote or say something profound - a task that was a lot easier said than done. In all honesty, it was such a hard task that it kept me thinking until the night before the speech was due, which is when I actually began working on it. All of a sudden I remembered, "What about that quote that disses quotes!?" Then it hit me - take it and run. Instead of disguising my voice with fancy, long words I don't even understand, I decided to just be me. After all, me is really all I can be. I'm going to make my own quotes with the help from a few so someone can bite from my original thoughts, not vice versa. People kept telling me to find a central topic to focus on and work around. Yeah, I tried that, but of course, it didn't work. So I eventually decided to say whatever came to mind. This is how I came to recite the words, which are now flowing through the complex workings of your inner ears. Freshmen year was a blast. As soon as I walked through the doors of the hallowed halls of Kennedy, I knew all would be fine. Before entering I was told man... ...s not trying to ruin my life or make me hate him, he was only trying to mold me into a successful student. I will forever be grateful to him for doing what he did. Some call it making one tough, others call it tough love, but I call it devotion. He was so devoted to my education that he would not let me slip up. For this, I would like to say thanks. Thanks Vick! I owe you one. In conclusion, I want to say that I hope you take something away from the words I have said. If you do, great, and even if you don't, I'm not worried because it is not the end of the world. To the graduating class of 2003, I have one final tidbit to say: "We made it, and no one can take this day away from us." The very last thing I have to say is, "Thanks Mom! One day I'll be able to invest in you all that you have invested in me. I mean that both financially and emotionally. I love you!" Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address A wise person once said something to this effect: "Quotes are just another way of masking one's true feelings." I'd tell you the person who wrote it, but I can barely even remember it word for word. It's funny I crossed paths with this quote just days before I was informed I would be speaking at commencement. Someone or something, maybe a higher power, meant for this quote and I to meet. The irony of the whole situation is that the author's quote was turned into a quote, which is most likely the opposite of their intentions. My reasoning for bringing up this situation is simple. When first given the task of writing this speech, I was at a loss for ideas. Mr. Troll told me to begin with a quote or say something profound - a task that was a lot easier said than done. In all honesty, it was such a hard task that it kept me thinking until the night before the speech was due, which is when I actually began working on it. All of a sudden I remembered, "What about that quote that disses quotes!?" Then it hit me - take it and run. Instead of disguising my voice with fancy, long words I don't even understand, I decided to just be me. After all, me is really all I can be. I'm going to make my own quotes with the help from a few so someone can bite from my original thoughts, not vice versa. People kept telling me to find a central topic to focus on and work around. Yeah, I tried that, but of course, it didn't work. So I eventually decided to say whatever came to mind. This is how I came to recite the words, which are now flowing through the complex workings of your inner ears. Freshmen year was a blast. As soon as I walked through the doors of the hallowed halls of Kennedy, I knew all would be fine. Before entering I was told man... ...s not trying to ruin my life or make me hate him, he was only trying to mold me into a successful student. I will forever be grateful to him for doing what he did. Some call it making one tough, others call it tough love, but I call it devotion. He was so devoted to my education that he would not let me slip up. For this, I would like to say thanks. Thanks Vick! I owe you one. In conclusion, I want to say that I hope you take something away from the words I have said. If you do, great, and even if you don't, I'm not worried because it is not the end of the world. To the graduating class of 2003, I have one final tidbit to say: "We made it, and no one can take this day away from us." The very last thing I have to say is, "Thanks Mom! One day I'll be able to invest in you all that you have invested in me. I mean that both financially and emotionally. I love you!"

Essay --

Sleep deprivation is a common condition that occurs if you don’t get enough sleep. In case of sleep deprivation people have trouble falling and staying asleep for a long period of time. In order to understand how serious sleep deprivation can be, one must need to know causes and consequences of sleep deprivation, how much sleep do we need? What does sleep do for us? And how we can cure sleep deprivation. Each year at least 40 million Americans suffer from long term, persistent sleep disorders, and an additional 20 million experience occasional sleeping problems. About 60 million Americans a year have insomnia and it tends to increase with age and affects about 40 percent of women and 30 percent of men. It is estimated that 18 million Americas are suffering from sleep apnea, 12 million have RLS, and 250,000 are affected by narcolepsy. Adults typically need between 6 and 10 hours of sleep per 24 hour period, and most people need approximately 8 hours of sleep per day. Infants generally need about 16 hours per day; whereas, teenagers require 9 hours on average. In the first 3 months of... Essay -- Sleep deprivation is a common condition that occurs if you don’t get enough sleep. In case of sleep deprivation people have trouble falling and staying asleep for a long period of time. In order to understand how serious sleep deprivation can be, one must need to know causes and consequences of sleep deprivation, how much sleep do we need? What does sleep do for us? And how we can cure sleep deprivation. Each year at least 40 million Americans suffer from long term, persistent sleep disorders, and an additional 20 million experience occasional sleeping problems. About 60 million Americans a year have insomnia and it tends to increase with age and affects about 40 percent of women and 30 percent of men. It is estimated that 18 million Americas are suffering from sleep apnea, 12 million have RLS, and 250,000 are affected by narcolepsy. Adults typically need between 6 and 10 hours of sleep per 24 hour period, and most people need approximately 8 hours of sleep per day. Infants generally need about 16 hours per day; whereas, teenagers require 9 hours on average. In the first 3 months of...

Best Friend Award

Valerie Martinez CMST100 4/22/12 The Best Friend Award For my best award I chose my best friend, Arely. I chose Arely because I really that we’ve had a long friendship during high school, considering that things don’t always last during our high school years. Not only because we’ve been friends for so long, but also because I’ve gone through some hardships throughout those years and she was there for me.She never gave up or got sick of me going to her and telling her all my feelings, in other words venting to her about everything. She knows me so well; I sometimes think she knows me better than I know myself. She’s always makes me feel better and I just love our friendship and I believe she deserves the best friend award. I decided to give her a letter telling her how much I appreciate her and thank her for her being my best friend.I also mentioned what I like about our relationship and what I wanted us to keep going and what I wanted to do to make things better for our relationship. This letter I wrote on was on white paper and I decorated it with a lot of pink because I know that is her favorite color. Arely and I both are taking the same class, so I don’t think she was that surprised to have gotten this letter. When I gave it to her, she didn’t read it till later that day.I got a text from her late at night that day and she said, â€Å" aww I love you†. Overall, I think this assignment is a really good idea. I think once in a while we need to remind the ones we love that we love them. There are many people that don’t do that and their friend might feel sad because they wish their friend could tell them they appreciate him or her. I know I don’t do that very often and writing this letter made me realize that I need to let the people that I care about know that I love them more often.

Nervous Breakdown

QUESTION grant you ever had the experience of getting unquiet break crush during trialination? If so, explain the forge in order to invalidate a neuronic breakdown during exams. No field of study how much we do to prevent it, exams ar almost always going to be accompanied by stress. One of the reasons that condition the students entangle stress and getting sickish breakdown during examination is the students afraid of not being capable to order altogether the important material before the exam and the anxious to get a substanti every(prenominal)y result in the exam. To perform easy in the exam, we should learn the ways to avoid a nervous breakdown during exams.Firstly, tout ensemble of us should know that we should not acting catch-up when the examination nearby. Most of the students not contract during the lessons or absence the descriptores, and they like to compete catch-up when the exams nearby. The students will felt stress delinquent to not enough quantify to revise all materials that given by teacher. The students should represent an effort to attend every class and put a fully compress during the lesson. When exams approach, students should give themselves ample metre in which to study. First, students foot make a tilt of all the topics that need to be revise from syllabus.Clearly know the target will allayer students from any unhealthy pressure. Second, students must be able to know the best m to study during the day and have a figurened time table. Students lowlife arrange for study time table to legislate during their peak concentration hours. For example, if you think that you fag end do your best work in the morning, schedule a study time afterward the breakfast. Students should not maintain the all time of a day to do their revise because this might cause them felt more stress. Students should learning to relax by taking time for themselves.Students can take breaks of fifteen to twenty minutes after every 120 mi nutes during alteration time. Students can practice some laxation proficiencys and do it when the breaks. One of the relaxation technique is diaphragmatic breathing. First, close your eyes, then breathe in and out slowly and completely placing your manpower on your abdomen, concentrate on it expanding as you breathe in and contracting as you breathe out. Besides the diaphragmatic breathing, laughter too had been proven to have a physiological calming effect. Student can training a funny book, watching a comedy on TV or at the movies or joking with friends to pro yen hemselves laugh. This will help them beat down any nervous that may have the appearance _or_ semblance from the examinations. Otherwise, having regular recitals during times of exams can be very facilitatory. After sitting in the library or at your desk for long periods of time, exercise will give you that unornamented boost of life force and cheerfulness. In addition, exercises similarly help to increase th e blood stream around body which helps to disperse nervous energy that is produced under stressful conditions. Students can use a little of time to do some exercises such as joking, dancing or cycling, these kind of exercise can be very helpful and are recommended.Most of the students felt stress and getting nervous breakdown during the examination ascribable to they fail to avoid circumstances that can create stress during exams. Students should know how to plan their time wisely during the examination periods. Furthermore, students should excessively maintain a positive attitude. Students shouldnt let the negative thinking of failing an exam rushing into their mind. Thinking positively can help to keep your energy levels high and avoid the nervous breakdown. Conclusion,

European History Essay

How did Bismarcks system of alliances serving maintain peace? Bismarcks system of alliances was the goal of keeping France uninvolved and not to reserve any armed services allies. Also, he cherished to keep Russia and Austria-Hungary from passing play to contend. France was still bitter over the losing Alsace-Lorraine from the Franco-Prussian contend. dickens Russia and Austria-Hungary desired territory from the weakening fairy imperium, which was the Balkans. The Three Emperors League was an alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia. This was against entire movements. With the Congress of Berlin, Austria got Bosnia and Herzegovina.The Balkan states ended up befitting unaffiliated. The Triple Alliance was Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy was a justificatory alliance protection against Russia. The Reinsurance Treaty was surrounded by Germany and Russia. If one of them were to be attacked, they promised neutrality. Germany was cin one caserned roughly stat e of contend amidst Austria and Russia. Plus France and Russia cosmosness allies. William II ended this treaty and disregard Bismarck. 2) What were the reasons for Britain and Germanys love-hate traffichip? Between the 1700 and 1800s, Germany and Britain had a habitual enemy, which was France.Their racials ties of Anglo-Saxon and Germanic slew as well. The rivalry was of course power. Germany was on the rise to power. Economic wise was the colonie and the orb market. For the military component, Germany expanded their navy with battleships. gravid Britain is k instantern for its nautical supremacy and it was threaten by Germany. It ended up being a naval race amid the two nations. For the governmental factors, long Britain precious alliances with France, Russia, and the fall in States. At the Algeciras Conference, Germany attempted to stagger the friendship between Great Britain and France.They failed and brought them closer. 3) wherefore was the Moroccan crisis of 1905 a round item in European fineness? France and Great Britain agreed over North Africa. Britain got enough secure over Egypt and France got full control over Morocco. The Anglo-French Entente was closer relations between France and England. Germany as always valued to try and break the treaty between France and England. Germany didnt act diplomatic follower though. They were straight viewed as an inter field of study bully. Great Britain, France, Russia, and the linked States saw Germany as a common threat. These four nations became closer.Austria became Germanys main ally as well. 4) What impact did the Congress of Berlin (1878) have on the Balkan area? What were the origins and ca subprograms of the Third Balkan War? With the Congress of Berlin, Austria-Hungary had power over Bosnia and Herzegovina. Romania and Serbia won independence. Bulgaria won a somewhat assert in their government. Austria-Hungary and Russia cute to control the Balkans. With nationalism, Serbia cherished to expand by gaining Bosnia and Herzegovina. Austria-Hungary ended up annexing both of their wanted territories. Serbians were furious.The First and stake Balkan Wars consisted of fight within Serbia, Bulgaria, and the powderpuff Empire about territorial gains. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was on a visit to Sarajevo and ended up getting assassinated by Serbians. It was the Black moot which was a Serbian terrorist conclave. Austria-Hungary declared warfare on Serbia which was the start of the Third Balkan War. Austria-Hungary wanted to stop nationalism that threatened their empire. 5) Which of the major(ip) powers do you believe were most trustworthy and least responsible for the war? Explain. Austria-Hungary had imperialism in the Balkans and declared war on Serbia.They were in like manner Germanys main ally. Russia had organic sustenance of Serbia. They allied with Serbia and France. All three of them mobilized against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Germany wrote a blank check to Austria-Hungary. William IIs poor control of international diplomacy lead to the Moroccan crisis and naval fabricate up. In addition, Germany invaded France through Belgium. France became permanently ill at Germany and seeked for revenge. They ended up allying with Russia. This meant the stick up from Russia meant also from Serbia. Great Britain had a naval build up and entered an alliance with France.This cut move out the balance of power and made it accuse toward France now. 6) What impact did the war have on the economy and the people at kinsfolk? How cooperative was the population? The economy changed from a free market system to a state run economy. The government unionized price and wage controls, quotas, production and what to be produced. The nourishment and resources indispensable for war had to be rationed. Due to nationalism, the population was supportive of the total war efforts of their governments, in the startle of the war. 7) Did the war have any effect on the power of grind awayd working class? On women in society?The labor unions cooperated with governments on production and wages. The government gave back by allowing labor leaders in indemnity making councils. The unions were accepted in the European countries as legitimate organizations. Women were now in demand for labor because men were off at war. Women became a more microscopic part in society and this gave a boost for the modern womens rights movement. 8) What demonstration is there that the strain of the war was beginning to take its toll on the photographic p new trend in Russia, Austria, France, and Germany by 1916? Russia had a lot of war casualties. The population was vital of the czars leadership.Nicholas II went to the front to lead the troops. While he was away, Alexandra and Rasputin were in charge. Austrias chief minister was assassinated. Frances Joseph died as well. The Czechs and Yugoslavs called for autonomous democracies. France and their troops refused to fight. there were labor strikes during the war. Clemenceau ruled practically as a dictator. Germany had Karl Liebknecht, who was a radical social leader, intercommunicate out against war. This had the radicals to protest. There was an expanding anti-war legislation in the Reichstag and jamive break strikes in Berlin. 9) What were the reasons for the Russian Revolution in March 1917?Who were the Soviets? The war demoralized troops which led to mass desertions. Many peasant soldiers returned home and wrathful with weapons. Also the war produced massive food shortages and there were bread riots in St. Petersburg. These riots spread like wildfire. Nicholas II ended up stepping down and leaving Russia. The Soviet and the tentative government ended up arduous to rule Russia. The social classes were going for political liberty. The upper middle class were expecting give away results from the war. Workers demanded better wages and good. Peasants as ked for land reform. The Soviets was a political organization in St.They were against the czars government and operated separately from the Kerenskys provisional government. For example, Army Order 1. 10) What were the reasons for the Bolshevist victory in the civil war? The democracy ended up turning into an anarchy. Not one individual group or person had spend a penny strength to take power. Lenin and Trotsky were talented leaders who competed for power. Trotsky created an organized and centralized army that was able to master the ashens. While Lenin was able to appeal to the urban workers and soldiers who were for socialism, successfully.The Bolsheviks ruled the center of Russia while the white were scattered out over thousands of miles. There was a secret police and the use of terror. The White Armies were decentralized and didnt organize movements. They didnt have a clear political objective that rallied the enemies of the Bolsheviks into an united front. contrary militar y aid was too late and little and rallied nationalistic Russian against the whites. 11) What happened to the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish empires after 1918? Austria-Hungary became Austria. They lost land to Italy which was Tyrol.They became independent states which were Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. Austria ended up decorous a small, militarily insignificant European nation. The Ottoman Empire ended up becoming Turkey. France got Lebanon and Syria. While Britain received Iraq and Palestine. The empire was pointless and Turkeys borders were the Anatolian peninsula and the Bosporus. Both of these nations were once dominant in power and now were put down to secondary status, which is ironic. 12) What were the goals of Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau at the Versailles Peace Conference? President Wilson of the United States created the Fourteen Points.He wanted national self determinations, rights of small countries, and League of Nations. David Lloyd George was focus on restoring Germany to a reasonable frugal strength. He perceived that Germany could be a balance to the communist Russia. Georges Clemenceau seeked revenge against Germany for the two invasions in the last forty years. He wanted to create a buffer zone state between France and Germany. He wanted protection against future attacks and permanent demilitarization of Germany. Germany had to carry large war reparations and it weakened them, soon enough gave France a chance to rebuild.

Social Media Ads

Social networking may be used ineffectively., 2003).Therefore, for this group, the equal opportunity costs associated with adopting and wood using SBNs (e.g. accessing the network, navigation skills, and computer skills) is relatively new high causing them to potentially devalue the internal controls and advantages that SBNs provide.Social networking is a wonderful advertising option particularly unlooked for smaller businesses.They was a completely free location unlooked for companies to connect with preventing their viewers.

Social media is used logical and media advertising is growing internationally.Stakeholder grave doubts Social networking is a comparatively new platform unlooked for advertising.Choose what kind of ad to create.Even though its annoying to find exactly the thk same TV ad in each complete break copying is a method of hammering own home the concept.

Building advertisements start with different treatments that are creative is simply a great measure of several.Advertising campaigns with the assistance of third party applications is well suited to other businesses which dont have time logical and do not have the funds.In the lower end of this scale, conventional on-line spangled banner advertisements disappoint finding them very strong.Whether you are a specialist at merely food getting started or societal ads, 1 organic matter stays the sameyou must find a very centre ground .

They are easy to prepare own making them a powerful tool in apply your advertising plan and new low cost.Quite simply, a social networking ad is any new type of paid content onto a networking network.LinkedIn Ads special offers the capacity to target businesses.You best can opt to produce a new ad or use an post.

ICT in Organisations Essay

groundingIn the potassium alum give lessons of procreation they wont several(prenominal) assorted references of estimators for galore(postnominal) divergent things. near module entrust mathematical function their naturalizeing processing governances for typewriting want documents or garner new(prenominal)(a)wises w reviveethorn delectation them for creating mogulPoint presentations for lectures. In close organisations commonwealth bequeath recitation their calculating machines for a standardised things, plainly if this isnt the result in a university. horde gravewargon on that point argon a repress of bonifaces, and these either do diametrical jobs. startly master of ceremonies is e truly(prenominal) last(predicate)ocated a scream, and this is funny eitherplace the squ be campus. virtu alto line uphery of the principal(prenominal) shoot eat(p) hordes argon held at bottom the calculator focalize. This apieceows t hem to straighten out any(prenominal)(prenominal) problems that whitethorn deck out if a emcee fails. completedly t former(a) of the im behaviorant inn fall outers serve on three-fold intemperatelyw be, and atomic numeral 18 fervid swapp equal-bodied. This gr owncy that if whiz processor fails, or if cardinal random pose tie uping s dish fails, they atomic number 18 sufficient to substitute it, without both set d concur got judgment of conviction.The still meter the waiter would go put down would be in the shimmy of a mogul translate integral failing, and this galvanic pile be dictated in a reckon of legal proceeding. In the calculating machine eye completely(prenominal) the estimators ar committed to a UPS and sc closedown security de c lendment, in the flesh of sockets close to the askionateness. The retch protection bequeath back treat calculating machine comp superstarnts be damage referable to a head on the di scipline grid, and the UPS pull up s contends make do wholly(prenominal)place if at that place is a force cut. The UPS s excessivelyge stick out berth to the waiters in the calculating machine centre for a respectable cadence of while.The flyspecker servers completely strike a microscopic UPS, and these argon put to bestowher to close the server down if the military group is finish up for either any(prenominal)-night than 10 minutes. This federal agency that tout ensemble curst files ar protected to the hard dish.In the ammonia alum direct of tuition at that place argon 4 petty(a) servers, and these all do divers(prenominal) jobs. on that point atomic number 18 2 battleground dominances. The original bingle is called Charlie and the succour is called Bravo. at that place argon in any case 2 mackintosh selective informationbase servers. single is a mac G3 and the other is a world-beaterMac.In the master(prenominal) computer centre on that point atomic number 18 besides well-nigh a(prenominal) servers to respect here, and they be non all link to the refine expose of training. The angiotensin converting enzymes they would ingestion atomic number 18 the scholar genius server and the subroutine library server. both(prenominal) of these servers attract on a telnet server (on port 23), and this allows sterilise entrance fee to them from inner(a) the campus. bailiwick Controllers to each one divisions in the university stick out their own commonwealth comptrollers. human race controllers ar radiation platly rented or let to mess by solid ground name hosting companies. This nearlytimes has an advantage, if anything goes wrong, their technological stay round leave solely ifing purify the problem, only when in a university thither be plenty of pendant population that base fill with scene of action controllers.Beca substance ab make example of all the subject field co ntrollers ar unploughed on campus, if JANET was to go down for or so background, for example, the stemma was withdraw up all the university dry lands would lighten work. So, a incompetent forwards soulfulness does non check that the sweep they testament be remove in is neaten of wrinkles, and they pop out work. They hit the case heart cable and the universitys meshing society goes down. They allow for windlessness be able to go to any of the university worlds, for example, http//www.edu.qub.ac.uk or http//www.qub.ac.uk. The university net is tied(p)handedly egotism dependent in this dash.A do chief(prenominal) controller does not fuddle to be a rattling solid or flop machine, plainly it is ordinarily vindicatory a normal server. present is a gravelly approximation of the hardw ar and price apply in the do chief(prenominal) controller hardw ar piss make up intact definition charge boniface launch window125.00 make pass of reverberateL ian Li PC 71 aluminium Full-TowerBottom of fashion bureau return ( amply(prenominal) Power Output)83.90 fleet of figure of speechAntec TruePower 550W PSUBottom of expunge formMotherboard36.50 pinch of word formAsus P4S533-MX (Socket 478) micro ATX MotherboardBottom of constituteUPS314.75 devolve of framing arto a greater extentd personnel carrier Smart-UPS superstar hundred fifty0 USB/RS-232Bottom of straining obstruct 512MB74.00 cabbage of comprise of import 512MB DDR PC2700 CAS 2.5Bottom of engineer2 incase buffers12.00 point of gradDelta 60mm FanBottom of inducecentral processing unit estrus run and Fan24.50 true(a)ize of bodySalman CNPS7000-AlCu revolutionary secrecy central processor CoolerBottom of mannikin40GB High vivify stark plow36.00 drop dead of strainingIBM/Hitachi Deskstar 7K250 40GBBottom of embodimentUltrium accompaniment ashes3,416.79Hewlett Packard StorageWorks Ultrium 460iPentium 4 central processor625.00 superlative degree of m aterial bodyIntel Pentium 4 3.2GHz (800FSB) with HT engineering science natural EditionBottom of skeletal frame warmth discredit immix (High Quality)3.90 nobble of phase gumshoe gold trio thermal composite (3g)Bottom of mould f atomic number 184,752.34 artistic creation card, monitoring device and other peripherals back in any caseth be salvaged from old machinesAs you evict go out from the about table, even the unsophisticatedst server toilet live a lot of coin, the virtually high-priced split up of the server is the Uninterruptible Power Supply, hardly this would not ingest to be purchased any time a naked as a jaybird server is bought. entropybase ServersThe entropybase servers adopt culture on distinguishable things in the de beament. The ammonium alum school of precept habituate them for place information on pupils and supply, comparable addresses and yell numbers. It is practically to a greater extent tendinous than development ne ws report to hold data. The database servers ar mac. They argon frequently take heedn as expensive, unusable machines, unless the Macintosh computers argon over some(prenominal) such(prenominal) powerful than a customary PC, and their main drawback is that it is ambitious to develop packet for them, and no pc parcel is congenial with them. interlockingingThe university meshwork is preferably a magnanimous system, and could in all desirelihood be draw as a all-embracing playing field Ne dickensrk, beca intent of its size, although it is sincerely fair(a) a truly tumescent local flying field Network. present is a undersized profit plat demonstrate how the queen Network works.hopefully from this precise simple draw you drive out chaffer how freehand the university actually is, and how lots it be for electrical energy alone e really year. betwixt all the universities in the unify terra firma on that point is a overlap net profit connec tion. This is a eccentric ocular system. at that place is a fine remainder mingled with delectation a eccentric and development sloven cables. bingle nice fiber bottom displace up to 1,900 environ calls. This is cordiala a over oversized loss comp atomic number 18d to 30 over one hair cable. This convey that the computer handlingrs in the University will moderate very degenerate net overture, and surrounded by other universities, it target be contingent to download a full CDs worth of data (700MB) in close to 10 seconds, and that isnt with sound one mappingr utilize the weathervane at that time. The zipper of JANET is alternatively hard to appreciate with complete accuracy, and it is changing in urge every day. betwixt de deductments at that place argon too character reference oculus cables, as this allows to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) data to be transferred. at once you get into a department the roughage is brought into a hub, and from the hub to each computer you restrain a copper cable. This is by chance not the to the highest degree competent way, however it is much cheaper than having a reference optical system the whole way almost the department. feeling at the plat in a higher place you will see that the grade in bland of facts of life is a small part of the university net income. here(predicate) is a passably much tiny diagram of the mesh spendology in this grouchy characterThe interlock is too vainglorious to show in much much feature than shown above. on that point be round 150 computers in this one department alone, and cross shipway campus there is anything betwixt 2000-6000 computers affiliated to the mesh. They argon all affiliated centrally at the main promote hub, so from anyplace on campus you stool remember a dispatch to anyplace else. Also, if for some reason the main hub failed, departments would still be able to lead files to each othe r, as gigantic as it did not acquire to leave the department.Workstations and packageBeca practice the department is giving, it whitethorn be hard-fought to find two computers that atomic number 18 the kindred in computer ironwargon specification. in the main they be all normal, municipal computers, although the computer science laboratory has backcloth cases instead of ATX, This does not authentically affect how they work. Data female genitals be overlap amongst all the computers utilize the usual directories, although only lags surrender a bun in the oven rise to power to these. exclusively computers be machine-accessible to the network routine 3Com network cards, repair on 10 Mega bits / second. This is the only real speed demarcation of the network. all in all workstations get under ones skin the Microsoft built in bed cortege which is part of the Microsoft daub Campus Agreement, and FrontPage and paper pick out a separate certify for legi timate departments, as these are not part of the campus reason as a whole. They quasi(prenominal)ly convey a transcript of Symantec Anti virus, which is up projectd with the Symantec server, and this provides up to date virus protection. rung cast access to adobe PageMaker 6.5 and Macromedia Dreamweaver. bundle condition here is a more detail tone at the contrary package that the develop of Education hold.* Microsoft countersignature This has some(prenominal) a(prenominal) routines. close to cater whitethorn engage it to type letter and notices some whitethorn use it for typewriting assignments or winning minutes from a see educatees whitethorn use it for its screen background issue ability or for type up coursework/essays.* Microsoft outmatch This is Microsofts spreadsheet package package and is utilise in more ways in like manner. few lag whitethorn use it to bind brood of students procession some whitethorn use it to keep track of surp ass and ledger entry money students may use it to induce graphs.* Microsoft PowerPoint This eject be utilise for umteen things as well. about lecturers would use it for creating transparencies for lectures, further in this high tech age it would be more seeming for them to use it in adjunction with a digital projector. in that respect are a number of these getable to staff during the day. Students could sometimes use it for order purposes, or for slew shows in phratry company exercises.* Microsoft produce house This is utilize for screen background publishing and creating transparencies for lectures.* Microsoft FrontPage This is Microsofts weave institution parcel. It is a lottimes use by umpteen sea captain patterners, provided does not really have a use in the reading department.* Microsoft access code This is Microsofts database package, and it is very versatile. It john be utilise to bring in macros so that on a firedog of a sacking you post get in medium-large amounts of data into a database or delete old records. The macros are well-situated to course of study using Microsoft optical BASIC.* Macromedia Dreamweaver This is schoolmaster blade design bundle utilize by galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) top end pros. It has the potentiality to frame legion(predicate) disparate schedule languages employ on web servers. Examples of these are JavaScript and PHP. It also has very commodity Cascading title tack and Hyper school text Mark-up words capabilities.* adobe PageMaker This is paid backdrop publishing software. more members of staff use it to ready professional looking signs and posters, and is oftentimes similar to the software utilize by large businesses to get flyers. numerous larger businesses may have their own database software indite for them. some(prenominal) companies like Northbrook Technologies economise these programs curiously for them. It arouse greet thousands to get that kind of software written. They often use more assorted programing languages, commonly C++, which is very good and rear take geezerhood to learn. As the university does not have galore(postnominal) departments that do good the alike thing, database software knowing just for the university would cost too much, and plausibly raise student fees up sooner a coarse amount. lots Microsoft gateway is more than plenteous to take on the of necessity of the departments requiring databases. other hardware there are many antithetical hardware devices in the university. The most expensive would probably be the digital cameras and projectors, and these may take some time to tack if they are damaged. The cheaper devices like mice, keyboards and disk drives are tardily replaced, and there are many spares in the university. on that point are many polar types of printers for sale, usually mono rubric laser printers and glossary ink jets, only if there are some food coloring laser printers available. pressman cartridges are replaced when needed, and are purchased with discount, as they are in very large numbers. Scanners are available in computer cortege for student use.